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authorNavan Chauhan <navanchauhan@gmail.com>2023-10-04 16:59:12 -0600
committerNavan Chauhan <navanchauhan@gmail.com>2023-10-04 16:59:12 -0600
commit6b57097c8fd34e86658a7b8e8ac3080c23c462b4 (patch)
tree4806ab78ec34fd5fc67c93b52c85deb19af50a4c /docs
parentf746534e2e15e173f0100dbc6dbd9e428157f0fe (diff)
adding phase 6
Diffstat (limited to 'docs')
-rw-r--r--docs/feed.rss244
-rw-r--r--docs/posts/2023-10-04-bomb-lab.html242
2 files changed, 459 insertions, 27 deletions
diff --git a/docs/feed.rss b/docs/feed.rss
index deeb637..17c12c3 100644
--- a/docs/feed.rss
+++ b/docs/feed.rss
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
<title>Navan's Archive</title>
<description>Rare Tips, Tricks and Posts</description>
<link>https://web.navan.dev/</link><language>en</language>
- <lastBuildDate>Wed, 04 Oct 2023 15:54:23 -0000</lastBuildDate>
- <pubDate>Wed, 04 Oct 2023 15:54:23 -0000</pubDate>
+ <lastBuildDate>Wed, 04 Oct 2023 16:58:57 -0000</lastBuildDate>
+ <pubDate>Wed, 04 Oct 2023 16:58:57 -0000</pubDate>
<ttl>250</ttl>
<atom:link href="https://web.navan.dev/feed.rss" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/>
@@ -3801,20 +3801,22 @@ jmp 0x5555555557b4 &lt;func4+27&gt;
<p>We can either try to compute the values by hand, or write a simple script in Python to get the answer.</p>
-<pre><code>def func4(edi, esi=0, edx=20):
- ecx = (edx - esi) // 2 + esi
- if ecx &gt; edi:
- return 2 * func4(edi, esi, ecx - 1)
- elif ecx &lt; edi:
- return 2 * func4(edi, ecx + 1, edx) + 1
- else:
- return 0
+<div class="codehilite">
+<pre><span></span><code><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func4</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">esi</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">edx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">):</span>
+ <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edx</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">esi</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">//</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">esi</span>
+ <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">func4</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">esi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">func4</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">edx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+ <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
-for x in range(15): # We can limit to 14
- if func4(x) == 2:
- print(f"answer is {x}")
- break
+<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># We can limit to 14</span>
+ <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">func4</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;answer is </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">break</span>
</code></pre>
+</div>
<p>Running this code, we get: <code>answer is 5</code></p>
@@ -3964,6 +3966,220 @@ Good work! On to the next...
<p>Awesome!</p>
<h2>Phase 6</h2>
+
+<pre><code>Good work! On to the next...
+test string
+
+Breakpoint 1, 0x0000555555555899 in phase_6 ()
+(gdb) disas phase_6
+Dump of assembler code for function phase_6:
+=&gt; 0x0000555555555899 &lt;+0&gt;: endbr64
+ 0x000055555555589d &lt;+4&gt;: push %r15
+ 0x000055555555589f &lt;+6&gt;: push %r14
+ 0x00005555555558a1 &lt;+8&gt;: push %r13
+ 0x00005555555558a3 &lt;+10&gt;: push %r12
+ 0x00005555555558a5 &lt;+12&gt;: push %rbp
+ 0x00005555555558a6 &lt;+13&gt;: push %rbx
+ 0x00005555555558a7 &lt;+14&gt;: sub $0x68,%rsp
+ 0x00005555555558ab &lt;+18&gt;: lea 0x40(%rsp),%rax
+ 0x00005555555558b0 &lt;+23&gt;: mov %rax,%r14
+ 0x00005555555558b3 &lt;+26&gt;: mov %rax,0x8(%rsp)
+ 0x00005555555558b8 &lt;+31&gt;: mov %rax,%rsi
+ 0x00005555555558bb &lt;+34&gt;: call 0x555555555d97 &lt;read_six_numbers&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558c0 &lt;+39&gt;: mov %r14,%r12
+ 0x00005555555558c3 &lt;+42&gt;: mov $0x1,%r15d
+ 0x00005555555558c9 &lt;+48&gt;: mov %r14,%r13
+ 0x00005555555558cc &lt;+51&gt;: jmp 0x555555555997 &lt;phase_6+254&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558d1 &lt;+56&gt;: call 0x555555555d4a &lt;explode_bomb&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558d6 &lt;+61&gt;: jmp 0x5555555559a9 &lt;phase_6+272&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558db &lt;+66&gt;: add $0x1,%rbx
+ 0x00005555555558df &lt;+70&gt;: cmp $0x5,%ebx
+ 0x00005555555558e2 &lt;+73&gt;: jg 0x55555555598f &lt;phase_6+246&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558e8 &lt;+79&gt;: mov 0x0(%r13,%rbx,4),%eax
+ 0x00005555555558ed &lt;+84&gt;: cmp %eax,0x0(%rbp)
+ 0x00005555555558f0 &lt;+87&gt;: jne 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f2 &lt;+89&gt;: call 0x555555555d4a &lt;explode_bomb&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f7 &lt;+94&gt;: jmp 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f9 &lt;+96&gt;: mov 0x8(%rsp),%rdx
+ 0x00005555555558fe &lt;+101&gt;: add $0x18,%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555902 &lt;+105&gt;: mov $0x7,%ecx
+ 0x0000555555555907 &lt;+110&gt;: mov %ecx,%eax
+ 0x0000555555555909 &lt;+112&gt;: sub (%r12),%eax
+ 0x000055555555590d &lt;+116&gt;: mov %eax,(%r12)
+ 0x0000555555555911 &lt;+120&gt;: add $0x4,%r12
+ 0x0000555555555915 &lt;+124&gt;: cmp %r12,%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555918 &lt;+127&gt;: jne 0x555555555907 &lt;phase_6+110&gt;
+ 0x000055555555591a &lt;+129&gt;: mov $0x0,%esi
+ 0x000055555555591f &lt;+134&gt;: mov 0x40(%rsp,%rsi,4),%ecx
+ 0x0000555555555923 &lt;+138&gt;: mov $0x1,%eax
+ 0x0000555555555928 &lt;+143&gt;: lea 0x3d01(%rip),%rdx # 0x555555559630 &lt;node1&gt;
+--Type &lt;RET&gt; for more, q to quit, c to continue without paging--
+ 0x000055555555592f &lt;+150&gt;: cmp $0x1,%ecx
+ 0x0000555555555932 &lt;+153&gt;: jle 0x55555555593f &lt;phase_6+166&gt;
+ 0x0000555555555934 &lt;+155&gt;: mov 0x8(%rdx),%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555938 &lt;+159&gt;: add $0x1,%eax
+ 0x000055555555593b &lt;+162&gt;: cmp %ecx,%eax
+ 0x000055555555593d &lt;+164&gt;: jne 0x555555555934 &lt;phase_6+155&gt;
+ 0x000055555555593f &lt;+166&gt;: mov %rdx,0x10(%rsp,%rsi,8)
+ 0x0000555555555944 &lt;+171&gt;: add $0x1,%rsi
+ 0x0000555555555948 &lt;+175&gt;: cmp $0x6,%rsi
+ 0x000055555555594c &lt;+179&gt;: jne 0x55555555591f &lt;phase_6+134&gt;
+ 0x000055555555594e &lt;+181&gt;: mov 0x10(%rsp),%rbx
+ 0x0000555555555953 &lt;+186&gt;: mov 0x18(%rsp),%rax
+ 0x0000555555555958 &lt;+191&gt;: mov %rax,0x8(%rbx)
+ 0x000055555555595c &lt;+195&gt;: mov 0x20(%rsp),%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555961 &lt;+200&gt;: mov %rdx,0x8(%rax)
+ 0x0000555555555965 &lt;+204&gt;: mov 0x28(%rsp),%rax
+ 0x000055555555596a &lt;+209&gt;: mov %rax,0x8(%rdx)
+ 0x000055555555596e &lt;+213&gt;: mov 0x30(%rsp),%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555973 &lt;+218&gt;: mov %rdx,0x8(%rax)
+ 0x0000555555555977 &lt;+222&gt;: mov 0x38(%rsp),%rax
+ 0x000055555555597c &lt;+227&gt;: mov %rax,0x8(%rdx)
+ 0x0000555555555980 &lt;+231&gt;: movq $0x0,0x8(%rax)
+ 0x0000555555555988 &lt;+239&gt;: mov $0x5,%ebp
+ 0x000055555555598d &lt;+244&gt;: jmp 0x5555555559c4 &lt;phase_6+299&gt;
+ 0x000055555555598f &lt;+246&gt;: add $0x1,%r15
+ 0x0000555555555993 &lt;+250&gt;: add $0x4,%r14
+ 0x0000555555555997 &lt;+254&gt;: mov %r14,%rbp
+ 0x000055555555599a &lt;+257&gt;: mov (%r14),%eax
+ 0x000055555555599d &lt;+260&gt;: sub $0x1,%eax
+ 0x00005555555559a0 &lt;+263&gt;: cmp $0x5,%eax
+ 0x00005555555559a3 &lt;+266&gt;: ja 0x5555555558d1 &lt;phase_6+56&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559a9 &lt;+272&gt;: cmp $0x5,%r15d
+ 0x00005555555559ad &lt;+276&gt;: jg 0x5555555558f9 &lt;phase_6+96&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559b3 &lt;+282&gt;: mov %r15,%rbx
+ 0x00005555555559b6 &lt;+285&gt;: jmp 0x5555555558e8 &lt;phase_6+79&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559bb &lt;+290&gt;: mov 0x8(%rbx),%rbx
+ 0x00005555555559bf &lt;+294&gt;: sub $0x1,%ebp
+ 0x00005555555559c2 &lt;+297&gt;: je 0x5555555559d5 &lt;phase_6+316&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559c4 &lt;+299&gt;: mov 0x8(%rbx),%rax
+ 0x00005555555559c8 &lt;+303&gt;: mov (%rax),%eax
+ 0x00005555555559ca &lt;+305&gt;: cmp %eax,(%rbx)
+--Type &lt;RET&gt; for more, q to quit, c to continue without paging--
+ 0x00005555555559cc &lt;+307&gt;: jge 0x5555555559bb &lt;phase_6+290&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559ce &lt;+309&gt;: call 0x555555555d4a &lt;explode_bomb&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559d3 &lt;+314&gt;: jmp 0x5555555559bb &lt;phase_6+290&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559d5 &lt;+316&gt;: add $0x68,%rsp
+ 0x00005555555559d9 &lt;+320&gt;: pop %rbx
+ 0x00005555555559da &lt;+321&gt;: pop %rbp
+ 0x00005555555559db &lt;+322&gt;: pop %r12
+ 0x00005555555559dd &lt;+324&gt;: pop %r13
+ 0x00005555555559df &lt;+326&gt;: pop %r14
+ 0x00005555555559e1 &lt;+328&gt;: pop %r15
+ 0x00005555555559e3 &lt;+330&gt;: ret
+End of assembler dump.
+(gdb)
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>Again, we see the familiar <code>read_six_digits</code> function.</p>
+
+<p>Let us analyse this function in chunks:</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555558bb &lt;+34&gt;: call 0x555555555d97 &lt;read_six_numbers&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558c0 &lt;+39&gt;: mov %r14,%r12
+ 0x00005555555558c3 &lt;+42&gt;: mov $0x1,%r15d
+ 0x00005555555558c9 &lt;+48&gt;: mov %r14,%r13
+ 0x00005555555558cc &lt;+51&gt;: jmp 0x555555555997 &lt;phase_6+254&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Read six numbers</li>
+<li>Initialise Registers:
+2.1. <code>mov %r14,%r12</code>: <code>%r14</code> should be pointing to the location of the stack where the numbers were read into. This address is copied onto <code>%r12</code>
+2.2. <code>mov $0x1,%r15d</code>: The value <code>1</code> is moved into <code>%r15</code> register (probably acting like a counter)
+2.3. <code>mov %r14,%r13</code>: The value is also copied to <code>%r13</code></li>
+<li>Jump to start of loop:</li>
+</ol>
+
+<pre><code> 0x0000555555555997 &lt;+254&gt;: mov %r14,%rbp
+ 0x000055555555599a &lt;+257&gt;: mov (%r14),%eax
+ 0x000055555555599d &lt;+260&gt;: sub $0x1,%eax
+ 0x00005555555559a0 &lt;+263&gt;: cmp $0x5,%eax
+ 0x00005555555559a3 &lt;+266&gt;: ja 0x5555555558d1 &lt;phase_6+56&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Initialise register and point to first number in sequence</li>
+<li>Adjust number(s):
+2.1. <code>mov (%r14),%eax</code> -> load the current number in the sequence
+2.2. <code>sub $0x1,%eax</code> -> decrement number by 1</li>
+<li>Validation
+3.1. <code>cmp $0x5,%eax</code>: This compares the adjusted value in <code>%eax</code> with 5.
+3.2. <code>ja 0x5555555558d1 &lt;phase_6+56&gt;</code>: jump if given value is &gt; 5 or &lt; 0</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>=&gt; All numbers should be between 1 and 6.</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555559a9 &lt;+272&gt;: cmp $0x5,%r15d
+ 0x00005555555559ad &lt;+276&gt;: jg 0x5555555558f9 &lt;phase_6+96&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>This checks if the value stored in <code>%r15</code> is &gt; 5, if it is then it jumps somewhere else. This validates our assumption that <code>%r15</code> is acting as a counter.</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555559b3 &lt;+282&gt;: mov %r15,%rbx
+ 0x00005555555559b6 &lt;+285&gt;: jmp 0x5555555558e8 &lt;phase_6+79&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>Let us jump to +79</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555558e8 &lt;+79&gt;: mov 0x0(%r13,%rbx,4),%eax
+ 0x00005555555558ed &lt;+84&gt;: cmp %eax,0x0(%rbp)
+ 0x00005555555558f0 &lt;+87&gt;: jne 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f2 &lt;+89&gt;: call 0x555555555d4a &lt;explode_bomb&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f7 &lt;+94&gt;: jmp 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>This section deals with checking if all the numbers in the sequence are unique or not. Thus, we need to ensure out 6 digits are unique</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555558db &lt;+66&gt;: add $0x1,%rbx // Increments by 1
+ 0x00005555555558df &lt;+70&gt;: cmp $0x5,%ebx
+ 0x00005555555558e2 &lt;+73&gt;: jg 0x55555555598f &lt;phase_6+246&gt; // Jump if &gt; 5 (Loop iterations are complete)
+ 0x00005555555558e8 &lt;+79&gt;: mov 0x0(%r13,%rbx,4),%eax
+ 0x00005555555558ed &lt;+84&gt;: cmp %eax,0x0(%rbp)
+ 0x00005555555558f0 &lt;+87&gt;: jne 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt; // Again, check if the number being seen is unique
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>Now we know that the numbers are unique, between 1-6 (inclusive).</p>
+
+<p>After stepping through the instructions, we can also see that the numbers are being transformed:
+* By subtracting it from 7 (mov $0x7,%ecx followed by sub (%r12),%eax)
+* This effectively maps the numbers as follows: 1 to 6, 2 to 5, 3 to 4, 4 to 3, 5 to 2, and 6 to 1.</p>
+
+<p>Let us try to figure out what <code>0x0000555555555928 &lt;+143&gt;: lea 0x3d01(%rip),%rdx # 0x555555559630 &lt;node1&gt;</code> is:</p>
+
+<pre><code>(gdb) x/30wx 0x555555559630
+0x555555559630 &lt;node1&gt;: 0x000000d9 0x00000001 0x55559640 0x00005555
+0x555555559640 &lt;node2&gt;: 0x000003ab 0x00000002 0x55559650 0x00005555
+0x555555559650 &lt;node3&gt;: 0x0000014f 0x00000003 0x55559660 0x00005555
+0x555555559660 &lt;node4&gt;: 0x000000a1 0x00000004 0x55559670 0x00005555
+0x555555559670 &lt;node5&gt;: 0x000001b3 0x00000005 0x55559120 0x00005555
+0x555555559680 &lt;host_table&gt;: 0x555573f5 0x00005555 0x5555740f 0x00005555
+0x555555559690 &lt;host_table+16&gt;: 0x55557429 0x00005555 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x5555555596a0 &lt;host_table+32&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000
+(gdb) x/30wx 0x555555559120
+0x555555559120 &lt;node6&gt;: 0x000002da 0x00000006 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559130: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559140 &lt;userid&gt;: 0x61767861 0x38383535 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559150 &lt;userid+16&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559160 &lt;userid+32&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559170 &lt;userid+48&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559180 &lt;userid+64&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559190 &lt;userid+80&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000
+(gdb)
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>It appears that this is a linked list. With roughly the following structure:</p>
+
+<div class="codehilite">
+<pre><span></span><code><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
+<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
+<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
+<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
+<span class="p">};</span><span class="w"></span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>Let us convert the values into decimal</p>
]]></content:encoded>
</item>
diff --git a/docs/posts/2023-10-04-bomb-lab.html b/docs/posts/2023-10-04-bomb-lab.html
index 28ce317..26c1e53 100644
--- a/docs/posts/2023-10-04-bomb-lab.html
+++ b/docs/posts/2023-10-04-bomb-lab.html
@@ -636,20 +636,22 @@ jmp 0x5555555557b4 &lt;func4+27&gt;
<p>We can either try to compute the values by hand, or write a simple script in Python to get the answer.</p>
-<pre><code>def func4(edi, esi=0, edx=20):
- ecx = (edx - esi) // 2 + esi
- if ecx &gt; edi:
- return 2 * func4(edi, esi, ecx - 1)
- elif ecx &lt; edi:
- return 2 * func4(edi, ecx + 1, edx) + 1
- else:
- return 0
-
-for x in range(15): # We can limit to 14
- if func4(x) == 2:
- print(f"answer is {x}")
- break
+<div class="codehilite">
+<pre><span></span><code><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func4</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">esi</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">edx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">):</span>
+ <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edx</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">esi</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">//</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">esi</span>
+ <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">func4</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">esi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">func4</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ecx</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">edx</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+ <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
+
+<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># We can limit to 14</span>
+ <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">func4</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+ <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;answer is </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+ <span class="k">break</span>
</code></pre>
+</div>
<p>Running this code, we get: <code>answer is 5</code></p>
@@ -800,6 +802,220 @@ Good work! On to the next...
<h2>Phase 6</h2>
+<pre><code>Good work! On to the next...
+test string
+
+Breakpoint 1, 0x0000555555555899 in phase_6 ()
+(gdb) disas phase_6
+Dump of assembler code for function phase_6:
+=&gt; 0x0000555555555899 &lt;+0&gt;: endbr64
+ 0x000055555555589d &lt;+4&gt;: push %r15
+ 0x000055555555589f &lt;+6&gt;: push %r14
+ 0x00005555555558a1 &lt;+8&gt;: push %r13
+ 0x00005555555558a3 &lt;+10&gt;: push %r12
+ 0x00005555555558a5 &lt;+12&gt;: push %rbp
+ 0x00005555555558a6 &lt;+13&gt;: push %rbx
+ 0x00005555555558a7 &lt;+14&gt;: sub $0x68,%rsp
+ 0x00005555555558ab &lt;+18&gt;: lea 0x40(%rsp),%rax
+ 0x00005555555558b0 &lt;+23&gt;: mov %rax,%r14
+ 0x00005555555558b3 &lt;+26&gt;: mov %rax,0x8(%rsp)
+ 0x00005555555558b8 &lt;+31&gt;: mov %rax,%rsi
+ 0x00005555555558bb &lt;+34&gt;: call 0x555555555d97 &lt;read_six_numbers&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558c0 &lt;+39&gt;: mov %r14,%r12
+ 0x00005555555558c3 &lt;+42&gt;: mov $0x1,%r15d
+ 0x00005555555558c9 &lt;+48&gt;: mov %r14,%r13
+ 0x00005555555558cc &lt;+51&gt;: jmp 0x555555555997 &lt;phase_6+254&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558d1 &lt;+56&gt;: call 0x555555555d4a &lt;explode_bomb&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558d6 &lt;+61&gt;: jmp 0x5555555559a9 &lt;phase_6+272&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558db &lt;+66&gt;: add $0x1,%rbx
+ 0x00005555555558df &lt;+70&gt;: cmp $0x5,%ebx
+ 0x00005555555558e2 &lt;+73&gt;: jg 0x55555555598f &lt;phase_6+246&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558e8 &lt;+79&gt;: mov 0x0(%r13,%rbx,4),%eax
+ 0x00005555555558ed &lt;+84&gt;: cmp %eax,0x0(%rbp)
+ 0x00005555555558f0 &lt;+87&gt;: jne 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f2 &lt;+89&gt;: call 0x555555555d4a &lt;explode_bomb&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f7 &lt;+94&gt;: jmp 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f9 &lt;+96&gt;: mov 0x8(%rsp),%rdx
+ 0x00005555555558fe &lt;+101&gt;: add $0x18,%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555902 &lt;+105&gt;: mov $0x7,%ecx
+ 0x0000555555555907 &lt;+110&gt;: mov %ecx,%eax
+ 0x0000555555555909 &lt;+112&gt;: sub (%r12),%eax
+ 0x000055555555590d &lt;+116&gt;: mov %eax,(%r12)
+ 0x0000555555555911 &lt;+120&gt;: add $0x4,%r12
+ 0x0000555555555915 &lt;+124&gt;: cmp %r12,%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555918 &lt;+127&gt;: jne 0x555555555907 &lt;phase_6+110&gt;
+ 0x000055555555591a &lt;+129&gt;: mov $0x0,%esi
+ 0x000055555555591f &lt;+134&gt;: mov 0x40(%rsp,%rsi,4),%ecx
+ 0x0000555555555923 &lt;+138&gt;: mov $0x1,%eax
+ 0x0000555555555928 &lt;+143&gt;: lea 0x3d01(%rip),%rdx # 0x555555559630 &lt;node1&gt;
+--Type &lt;RET&gt; for more, q to quit, c to continue without paging--
+ 0x000055555555592f &lt;+150&gt;: cmp $0x1,%ecx
+ 0x0000555555555932 &lt;+153&gt;: jle 0x55555555593f &lt;phase_6+166&gt;
+ 0x0000555555555934 &lt;+155&gt;: mov 0x8(%rdx),%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555938 &lt;+159&gt;: add $0x1,%eax
+ 0x000055555555593b &lt;+162&gt;: cmp %ecx,%eax
+ 0x000055555555593d &lt;+164&gt;: jne 0x555555555934 &lt;phase_6+155&gt;
+ 0x000055555555593f &lt;+166&gt;: mov %rdx,0x10(%rsp,%rsi,8)
+ 0x0000555555555944 &lt;+171&gt;: add $0x1,%rsi
+ 0x0000555555555948 &lt;+175&gt;: cmp $0x6,%rsi
+ 0x000055555555594c &lt;+179&gt;: jne 0x55555555591f &lt;phase_6+134&gt;
+ 0x000055555555594e &lt;+181&gt;: mov 0x10(%rsp),%rbx
+ 0x0000555555555953 &lt;+186&gt;: mov 0x18(%rsp),%rax
+ 0x0000555555555958 &lt;+191&gt;: mov %rax,0x8(%rbx)
+ 0x000055555555595c &lt;+195&gt;: mov 0x20(%rsp),%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555961 &lt;+200&gt;: mov %rdx,0x8(%rax)
+ 0x0000555555555965 &lt;+204&gt;: mov 0x28(%rsp),%rax
+ 0x000055555555596a &lt;+209&gt;: mov %rax,0x8(%rdx)
+ 0x000055555555596e &lt;+213&gt;: mov 0x30(%rsp),%rdx
+ 0x0000555555555973 &lt;+218&gt;: mov %rdx,0x8(%rax)
+ 0x0000555555555977 &lt;+222&gt;: mov 0x38(%rsp),%rax
+ 0x000055555555597c &lt;+227&gt;: mov %rax,0x8(%rdx)
+ 0x0000555555555980 &lt;+231&gt;: movq $0x0,0x8(%rax)
+ 0x0000555555555988 &lt;+239&gt;: mov $0x5,%ebp
+ 0x000055555555598d &lt;+244&gt;: jmp 0x5555555559c4 &lt;phase_6+299&gt;
+ 0x000055555555598f &lt;+246&gt;: add $0x1,%r15
+ 0x0000555555555993 &lt;+250&gt;: add $0x4,%r14
+ 0x0000555555555997 &lt;+254&gt;: mov %r14,%rbp
+ 0x000055555555599a &lt;+257&gt;: mov (%r14),%eax
+ 0x000055555555599d &lt;+260&gt;: sub $0x1,%eax
+ 0x00005555555559a0 &lt;+263&gt;: cmp $0x5,%eax
+ 0x00005555555559a3 &lt;+266&gt;: ja 0x5555555558d1 &lt;phase_6+56&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559a9 &lt;+272&gt;: cmp $0x5,%r15d
+ 0x00005555555559ad &lt;+276&gt;: jg 0x5555555558f9 &lt;phase_6+96&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559b3 &lt;+282&gt;: mov %r15,%rbx
+ 0x00005555555559b6 &lt;+285&gt;: jmp 0x5555555558e8 &lt;phase_6+79&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559bb &lt;+290&gt;: mov 0x8(%rbx),%rbx
+ 0x00005555555559bf &lt;+294&gt;: sub $0x1,%ebp
+ 0x00005555555559c2 &lt;+297&gt;: je 0x5555555559d5 &lt;phase_6+316&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559c4 &lt;+299&gt;: mov 0x8(%rbx),%rax
+ 0x00005555555559c8 &lt;+303&gt;: mov (%rax),%eax
+ 0x00005555555559ca &lt;+305&gt;: cmp %eax,(%rbx)
+--Type &lt;RET&gt; for more, q to quit, c to continue without paging--
+ 0x00005555555559cc &lt;+307&gt;: jge 0x5555555559bb &lt;phase_6+290&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559ce &lt;+309&gt;: call 0x555555555d4a &lt;explode_bomb&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559d3 &lt;+314&gt;: jmp 0x5555555559bb &lt;phase_6+290&gt;
+ 0x00005555555559d5 &lt;+316&gt;: add $0x68,%rsp
+ 0x00005555555559d9 &lt;+320&gt;: pop %rbx
+ 0x00005555555559da &lt;+321&gt;: pop %rbp
+ 0x00005555555559db &lt;+322&gt;: pop %r12
+ 0x00005555555559dd &lt;+324&gt;: pop %r13
+ 0x00005555555559df &lt;+326&gt;: pop %r14
+ 0x00005555555559e1 &lt;+328&gt;: pop %r15
+ 0x00005555555559e3 &lt;+330&gt;: ret
+End of assembler dump.
+(gdb)
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>Again, we see the familiar <code>read_six_digits</code> function.</p>
+
+<p>Let us analyse this function in chunks:</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555558bb &lt;+34&gt;: call 0x555555555d97 &lt;read_six_numbers&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558c0 &lt;+39&gt;: mov %r14,%r12
+ 0x00005555555558c3 &lt;+42&gt;: mov $0x1,%r15d
+ 0x00005555555558c9 &lt;+48&gt;: mov %r14,%r13
+ 0x00005555555558cc &lt;+51&gt;: jmp 0x555555555997 &lt;phase_6+254&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Read six numbers</li>
+<li>Initialise Registers:
+2.1. <code>mov %r14,%r12</code>: <code>%r14</code> should be pointing to the location of the stack where the numbers were read into. This address is copied onto <code>%r12</code>
+2.2. <code>mov $0x1,%r15d</code>: The value <code>1</code> is moved into <code>%r15</code> register (probably acting like a counter)
+2.3. <code>mov %r14,%r13</code>: The value is also copied to <code>%r13</code></li>
+<li>Jump to start of loop:</li>
+</ol>
+
+<pre><code> 0x0000555555555997 &lt;+254&gt;: mov %r14,%rbp
+ 0x000055555555599a &lt;+257&gt;: mov (%r14),%eax
+ 0x000055555555599d &lt;+260&gt;: sub $0x1,%eax
+ 0x00005555555559a0 &lt;+263&gt;: cmp $0x5,%eax
+ 0x00005555555559a3 &lt;+266&gt;: ja 0x5555555558d1 &lt;phase_6+56&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Initialise register and point to first number in sequence</li>
+<li>Adjust number(s):
+2.1. <code>mov (%r14),%eax</code> -> load the current number in the sequence
+2.2. <code>sub $0x1,%eax</code> -> decrement number by 1</li>
+<li>Validation
+3.1. <code>cmp $0x5,%eax</code>: This compares the adjusted value in <code>%eax</code> with 5.
+3.2. <code>ja 0x5555555558d1 &lt;phase_6+56&gt;</code>: jump if given value is &gt; 5 or &lt; 0</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>=&gt; All numbers should be between 1 and 6.</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555559a9 &lt;+272&gt;: cmp $0x5,%r15d
+ 0x00005555555559ad &lt;+276&gt;: jg 0x5555555558f9 &lt;phase_6+96&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>This checks if the value stored in <code>%r15</code> is &gt; 5, if it is then it jumps somewhere else. This validates our assumption that <code>%r15</code> is acting as a counter.</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555559b3 &lt;+282&gt;: mov %r15,%rbx
+ 0x00005555555559b6 &lt;+285&gt;: jmp 0x5555555558e8 &lt;phase_6+79&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>Let us jump to +79</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555558e8 &lt;+79&gt;: mov 0x0(%r13,%rbx,4),%eax
+ 0x00005555555558ed &lt;+84&gt;: cmp %eax,0x0(%rbp)
+ 0x00005555555558f0 &lt;+87&gt;: jne 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f2 &lt;+89&gt;: call 0x555555555d4a &lt;explode_bomb&gt;
+ 0x00005555555558f7 &lt;+94&gt;: jmp 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt;
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>This section deals with checking if all the numbers in the sequence are unique or not. Thus, we need to ensure out 6 digits are unique</p>
+
+<pre><code> 0x00005555555558db &lt;+66&gt;: add $0x1,%rbx // Increments by 1
+ 0x00005555555558df &lt;+70&gt;: cmp $0x5,%ebx
+ 0x00005555555558e2 &lt;+73&gt;: jg 0x55555555598f &lt;phase_6+246&gt; // Jump if &gt; 5 (Loop iterations are complete)
+ 0x00005555555558e8 &lt;+79&gt;: mov 0x0(%r13,%rbx,4),%eax
+ 0x00005555555558ed &lt;+84&gt;: cmp %eax,0x0(%rbp)
+ 0x00005555555558f0 &lt;+87&gt;: jne 0x5555555558db &lt;phase_6+66&gt; // Again, check if the number being seen is unique
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>Now we know that the numbers are unique, between 1-6 (inclusive).</p>
+
+<p>After stepping through the instructions, we can also see that the numbers are being transformed:
+* By subtracting it from 7 (mov $0x7,%ecx followed by sub (%r12),%eax)
+* This effectively maps the numbers as follows: 1 to 6, 2 to 5, 3 to 4, 4 to 3, 5 to 2, and 6 to 1.</p>
+
+<p>Let us try to figure out what <code>0x0000555555555928 &lt;+143&gt;: lea 0x3d01(%rip),%rdx # 0x555555559630 &lt;node1&gt;</code> is:</p>
+
+<pre><code>(gdb) x/30wx 0x555555559630
+0x555555559630 &lt;node1&gt;: 0x000000d9 0x00000001 0x55559640 0x00005555
+0x555555559640 &lt;node2&gt;: 0x000003ab 0x00000002 0x55559650 0x00005555
+0x555555559650 &lt;node3&gt;: 0x0000014f 0x00000003 0x55559660 0x00005555
+0x555555559660 &lt;node4&gt;: 0x000000a1 0x00000004 0x55559670 0x00005555
+0x555555559670 &lt;node5&gt;: 0x000001b3 0x00000005 0x55559120 0x00005555
+0x555555559680 &lt;host_table&gt;: 0x555573f5 0x00005555 0x5555740f 0x00005555
+0x555555559690 &lt;host_table+16&gt;: 0x55557429 0x00005555 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x5555555596a0 &lt;host_table+32&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000
+(gdb) x/30wx 0x555555559120
+0x555555559120 &lt;node6&gt;: 0x000002da 0x00000006 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559130: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559140 &lt;userid&gt;: 0x61767861 0x38383535 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559150 &lt;userid+16&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559160 &lt;userid+32&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559170 &lt;userid+48&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559180 &lt;userid+64&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
+0x555555559190 &lt;userid+80&gt;: 0x00000000 0x00000000
+(gdb)
+</code></pre>
+
+<p>It appears that this is a linked list. With roughly the following structure:</p>
+
+<div class="codehilite">
+<pre><span></span><code><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
+<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
+<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
+<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span>
+<span class="p">};</span><span class="w"></span>
+</code></pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>Let us convert the values into decimal</p>
+
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