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diff --git a/feed.rss b/feed.rss new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6637b94 --- /dev/null +++ b/feed.rss @@ -0,0 +1,1228 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content"><channel><title>Navan Chauhan</title><description>Welcome to my personal fragment of the internet. Majority of the posts should be complete.</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/</link><language>en</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2020 15:53:16 +0530</lastBuildDate><pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2020 15:53:16 +0530</pubDate><ttl>250</ttl><atom:link href="https://navanchauhan.github.io/feed.rss" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-08-01-Natural-Feature-Tracking-ARJS</guid><title>Introduction to AR.js and Natural Feature Tracking</title><description>An introduction to AR.js and NFT</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-08-01-Natural-Feature-Tracking-ARJS</link><pubDate>Sat, 1 Aug 2020 15:43:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Introduction to AR.js and Natural Feature Tracking</h1><h2>AR.js</h2><p>AR.js is a lightweight library for Augmented Reality on the Web, coming with features like Image Tracking, Location based AR and Marker tracking. It is the easiest option for cross-browser augmented reality.</p><p>The same code works for iOS, Android, Desktops and even VR Browsers!</p><p>It was initially created by Jerome Etienne and is now maintained by Nicolo Carpignoli and the AR-js Organisation</p><h2>NFT</h2><p>Usually for augmented reality you need specialised markers, like this Hiro marker (notice the thick non-aesthetic borders 🤢)</p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Hiro_marker_ARjs.png"/><p>This is called marker based tracking where the code knows what to look for. NFT or Natural Feature Tracing converts normal images into markers by extracting 'features' from it, this way you can use any image of your liking!</p><p>I'll be using my GitHub profile picture</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//images/me.jpeg"/><h2>Creating the Marker!</h2><p>First we need to create the marker files required by AR.js for NFT. For this we use Carnaux's repository 'NFT-Marker-Creator'.</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>$ git clone https://github.com/Carnaux/NFT-Marker-Creator + +Cloning into <span class="s1">'NFT-Marker-Creator'</span>... +remote: Enumerating objects: <span class="m">79</span>, <span class="k">done</span>. +remote: Counting objects: <span class="m">100</span>% <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">79</span>/79<span class="o">)</span>, <span class="k">done</span>. +remote: Compressing objects: <span class="m">100</span>% <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">72</span>/72<span class="o">)</span>, <span class="k">done</span>. +remote: Total <span class="m">580</span> <span class="o">(</span>delta <span class="m">10</span><span class="o">)</span>, reused <span class="m">59</span> <span class="o">(</span>delta <span class="m">7</span><span class="o">)</span>, pack-reused <span class="m">501</span> +Receiving objects: <span class="m">100</span>% <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">580</span>/580<span class="o">)</span>, <span class="m">9</span>.88 MiB <span class="p">|</span> <span class="m">282</span>.00 KiB/s, <span class="k">done</span>. +Resolving deltas: <span class="m">100</span>% <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">262</span>/262<span class="o">)</span>, <span class="k">done</span>. + +$ <span class="nb">cd</span> NFT-Makrer-Creator +</div></code></pre><h3>Install the dependencies</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>$ npm install + +npm WARN nodegenerator@1.0.0 No repository field. + +added <span class="m">67</span> packages from <span class="m">56</span> contributors and audited <span class="m">67</span> packages in <span class="m">2</span>.96s + +<span class="m">1</span> package is looking <span class="k">for</span> funding + run <span class="sb">`</span>npm fund<span class="sb">`</span> <span class="k">for</span> details + +found <span class="m">0</span> vulnerabilities + + + + ╭────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ + │ │ + │ New patch version of npm available! <span class="m">6</span>.14.5 → <span class="m">6</span>.14.7 │ + │ Changelog: https://github.com/npm/cli/releases/tag/v6.14.7 │ + │ Run npm install -g npm to update! │ + │ │ + ╰────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ +</div></code></pre><h3>Copy the target marker to the folder</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>$ cp ~/CodingAndStuff/ARjs/me.png . +</div></code></pre><h3>Generate Marker</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>$ node app.js -i me.png + +Confidence level: <span class="o">[</span> * * * * * <span class="o">]</span> <span class="m">5</span>/5 <span class="o">||</span> Entropy: <span class="m">5</span>.24 <span class="o">||</span> Current max: <span class="m">5</span>.17 min: <span class="m">4</span>.6 + +Do you want to <span class="k">continue</span>? <span class="o">(</span>Y/N<span class="o">)</span> +y +writeStringToMemory is deprecated and should not be called! Use stringToUTF8<span class="o">()</span> instead! +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> +Commands: +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> -- +Generator started at <span class="m">2020</span>-08-01 <span class="m">16</span>:01:41 +0580 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Tracking Extraction <span class="nv">Level</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="m">2</span> +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="nv">MAX_THRESH</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="m">0</span>.900000 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="nv">MIN_THRESH</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="m">0</span>.550000 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="nv">SD_THRESH</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="m">8</span>.000000 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Initialization Extraction <span class="nv">Level</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="m">1</span> +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="nv">SURF_FEATURE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="m">100</span> +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> min allow <span class="m">3</span>.699000. +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">3</span>.699000 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">4</span>.660448 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">5</span>.871797 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">4</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">7</span>.398000 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">9</span>.320896 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">6</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">11</span>.743593 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">7</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">14</span>.796000 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">8</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">18</span>.641792 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">9</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">23</span>.487186 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">10</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">29</span>.592001 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">11</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">37</span>.283585 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">12</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">46</span>.974373 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">13</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">59</span>.184002 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Image DPI <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">14</span><span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">72</span>.000000 +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Generating ImageSet... +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">(</span>Source image <span class="nv">xsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">568</span>, <span class="nv">ysize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">545</span>, <span class="nv">channels</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">3</span>, <span class="nv">dpi</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">72</span>.0<span class="o">)</span>. +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Done. +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Saving to asa.iset... +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Done. +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Generating FeatureList... + +... + +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">46</span>, <span class="m">44</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="m">5</span>.871797<span class="o">[</span>dpi<span class="o">]</span> +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Freak features - <span class="m">23</span><span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">=========</span> <span class="nv">23</span> <span class="o">===========</span> +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">37</span>, <span class="m">35</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="m">4</span>.660448<span class="o">[</span>dpi<span class="o">]</span> +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Freak features - <span class="m">19</span><span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">=========</span> <span class="nv">19</span> <span class="o">===========</span> +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">29</span>, <span class="m">28</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="m">3</span>.699000<span class="o">[</span>dpi<span class="o">]</span> +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Freak features - <span class="m">9</span><span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">=========</span> <span class="nv">9</span> <span class="o">===========</span> +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Done. +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Saving FeatureSet3... +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Done. +<span class="o">[</span>info<span class="o">]</span> Generator finished at <span class="m">2020</span>-08-01 <span class="m">16</span>:02:02 +0580 +-- + +Finished marker creation! +Now configuring demo! + +Finished! +To run demo use: <span class="s1">'npm run demo'</span> +</div></code></pre><p>Now we have the required files in the output folder</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>$ ls output + +me.fset me.fset3 me.iset +</div></code></pre><h2>Creating the HTML Page</h2><p>Create a new file called <code>index.html</code> in your project folder. This is the basic template we are going to use. Replace <code>me</code> with the root filename of your image, for example <code>NeverGonnaGiveYouUp.png</code> will become <code>NeverGonnaGiveYouUp</code>. Make sure you have copied all three files from the output folder in the previous step to the root of your project folder.</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/aframevr/aframe@1c2407b26c61958baa93967b5412487cd94b290b/dist/aframe-master.min.js"</span><span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">></span> +<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://raw.githack.com/AR-js-org/AR.js/master/aframe/build/aframe-ar-nft.js"</span><span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">></span> + +<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">arjs-loader</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="k">height</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="kt">%</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">width</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="kt">%</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">position</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">absolute</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">top</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">left</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">background-color</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">rgba</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.8</span><span class="p">);</span> + <span class="k">z-index</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">9999</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">display</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">flex</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">justify-content</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">center</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">align-items</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">center</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + + <span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">arjs-loader</span> <span class="nt">div</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="k">text-align</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">center</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">font-size</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.25</span><span class="kt">em</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">white</span><span class="p">;</span> + <span class="p">}</span> +<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">></span> + +<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"margin : 0px; overflow: hidden;"</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"arjs-loader"</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>Calculating Image Descriptors....<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a-scene</span> + <span class="na">vr-mode-ui</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"enabled: false;"</span> + <span class="na">renderer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"logarithmicDepthBuffer: true;"</span> + <span class="na">embedded</span> + <span class="na">arjs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"trackingMethod: best; sourceType: webcam;debugUIEnabled: false;"</span> + <span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a-nft</span> + <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"nft"</span> + <span class="na">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"./me"</span> + <span class="na">smooth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"true"</span> + <span class="na">smoothCount</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"10"</span> + <span class="na">smoothTolerance</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">".01"</span> + <span class="na">smoothThreshold</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"5"</span> + <span class="p">></span> + + <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a-nft</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a-entity</span> <span class="na">camera</span><span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">a-entity</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a-scene</span><span class="p">></span> +<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> +</div></code></pre><p>In this we are creating a AFrame scene and we are telling it that we want to use NFT Tracking. The amazing part about using AFrame is that we are able to use all AFrame objects!</p><h2>Adding a simple box</h2><p>Let us add a simple box!</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a-nft</span> <span class="err">.....</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a-box</span> <span class="na">position</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'100 0.5 -180'</span> <span class="na">material</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'opacity: 0.5; side: double'</span> <span class="na">scale</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"100 100 100"</span><span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">a-box</span><span class="p">></span> +<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a-nft</span><span class="p">></span> +</div></code></pre><p>Now to test it out we will need to create a simple server, I use Python's inbuilt <code>SimpleHTTPServer</code> alongside <code>ngrok</code></p><p>In one terminal window, <code>cd</code> to the project directory. Currently your project folder should have 4 files, <code>index.html</code>, <code>me.fset3</code>, <code>me.fset</code> and <code>me.iset</code></p><p>Open up two terminal windows and <code>cd</code> into your project folder then run the following commands to start up your server.</p><p>In the first terminal window start the Python Server</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>$ <span class="nb">cd</span> ~/CodingAndStuff/ARjs +$ python2 -m SimpleHTTPServer + +Serving HTTP on <span class="m">0</span>.0.0.0 port <span class="m">8000</span> ... +</div></code></pre><p>In the other window run <code>ngrok</code> ( Make sure you have installed it prior to running this step )</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>$ ngrok http <span class="m">8000</span> +</div></code></pre><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/arjs/01-ngrok.png"/><p>Now copy the url to your phone and try running the example</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/arjs/02-box-demo.gif"/><p>👏 Congratulations! You just built an Augmented Reality experience using AR.js and AFrame</p><h2>Adding a Torus-Knot in the box</h2><p>Edit your <code>index.html</code></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a-nft</span> <span class="err">..</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a-box</span> <span class="err">..</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a-torus-knot</span> <span class="na">radius</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'0.26'</span> <span class="na">radius-tubular</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'0.05'</span> <span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">a-torus-knot</span><span class="p">></span> + <span class="p"></</span> <span class="nt">a-box</span><span class="p">></span> +<span class="p"></</span> <span class="nt">a-nft</span><span class="p">></span> +</div></code></pre><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/arjs/03-knot.png"/><h2>Where are the GIFs?</h2><p>Now that we know how to place a box in the scene and add a torus knot in it, what do we do next? We bring the classic internet back!</p><p><code>AFrame GIF Shader</code> is a gif shader for A-Frame created by mayognaise.</p><h3>First things first</h3><p>Add <code><script src="https://rawgit.com/mayognaise/aframe-gif-shader/master/dist/aframe-gif-shader.min.js"></script> </code> to <code><head></code></p><p>Change the box's material to add the GIF shader</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>... +<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a-box</span> <span class="na">position</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'100 0.5 -180'</span> <span class="na">material</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"shader:gif;src:url(https://media.tenor.com/images/412b1aa9149d98d561df62db221e0789/tenor.gif);opacity:.5"</span> <span class="err">.....</span><span class="p">></span> +</div></code></pre><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/arjs/04-nyan.gif"/><h2>Bonus Idea: Integrate it with GitHub's new profile Readme Feature!</h2><h3>1) Host the code using GitHub Pages</h3><h3>2) Create a new repository ( the name should be your GitHub username )</h3><h3>3) Add QR Code to the page and tell the users to scan your profile picture</h3><h3>??) Profit 💸</h3><p>Here is a screenshot of me scanning a rounded version of my profile picture ( It still works! Even though the image is cropped and I haven't changed any line of code )</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/arjs/05-GitHub.jpg"/>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-07-01-Install-rdkit-colab</guid><title>Installing RDKit on Google Colab</title><description>Install RDKit on Google Colab with one code snippet.</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-07-01-Install-rdkit-colab</link><pubDate>Wed, 1 Jul 2020 14:23:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Installing RDKit on Google Colab</h1><p>RDKit is one of the most integral part of any Cheminfomatic specialist's toolkit but it is notoriously difficult to install unless you already have <code>conda</code> installed. I originally found this in a GitHub Gist but I have not been able to find that gist again :/</p><p>Just copy and paste this in a Colab cell and it will install it 👍</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">requests</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">subprocess</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">shutil</span> +<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">logging</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">getLogger</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">StreamHandler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">INFO</span> + + +<span class="n">logger</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getLogger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addHandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StreamHandler</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setLevel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">INFO</span><span class="p">)</span> + + +<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">install</span><span class="p">(</span> + <span class="n">chunk_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="n">file_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh"</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="n">url_base</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/"</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"~"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"miniconda"</span><span class="p">)),</span> + <span class="n">rdkit_version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="n">add_python_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="n">force</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="sd">"""install rdkit from miniconda</span> +<span class="sd"> ```</span> +<span class="sd"> import rdkit_installer</span> +<span class="sd"> rdkit_installer.install()</span> +<span class="sd"> ```</span> +<span class="sd"> """</span> + + <span class="n">python_path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span> + <span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="s2">"lib"</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="s2">"python</span><span class="si">{0}</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="si">{1}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">version_info</span><span class="p">),</span> + <span class="s2">"site-packages"</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="p">)</span> + + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">add_python_path</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">python_path</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"add </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2"> to PYTHONPATH"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">python_path</span><span class="p">))</span> + <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">python_path</span><span class="p">)</span> + + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">python_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"rdkit"</span><span class="p">)):</span> + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"rdkit is already installed"</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">force</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="k">return</span> + + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"force re-install"</span><span class="p">)</span> + + <span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">url_base</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">file_name</span> + <span class="n">python_version</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">{0}</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="si">{1}</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="si">{2}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">version_info</span><span class="p">)</span> + + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"python version: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">python_version</span><span class="p">))</span> + + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">warning</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"remove current miniconda"</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rmtree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">warning</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"remove </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="p">))</span> + <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="p">)</span> + + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'fetching installer from </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">))</span> + <span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stream</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raise_for_status</span><span class="p">()</span> + <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'wb'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">chunk</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter_content</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">chunk_size</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'done'</span><span class="p">)</span> + + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'installing miniconda to </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="p">))</span> + <span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">check_call</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"bash"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">file_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"-b"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"-p"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="p">])</span> + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'done'</span><span class="p">)</span> + + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"installing rdkit"</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">check_call</span><span class="p">([</span> + <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conda_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"bin"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"conda"</span><span class="p">),</span> + <span class="s2">"install"</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="s2">"--yes"</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="s2">"-c"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"rdkit"</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="s2">"python==</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">python_version</span><span class="p">),</span> + <span class="s2">"rdkit"</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">rdkit_version</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s2">"rdkit==</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rdkit_version</span><span class="p">)])</span> + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"done"</span><span class="p">)</span> + + <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">rdkit</span> + <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"rdkit-</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2"> installation finished!"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rdkit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__version__</span><span class="p">))</span> + + +<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"__main__"</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">install</span><span class="p">()</span> +</div></code></pre>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-06-02-Compiling-AutoDock-Vina-on-iOS</guid><title>Compiling AutoDock Vina on iOS</title><description>Compiling AutoDock Vina on iOS</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-06-02-Compiling-AutoDock-Vina-on-iOS</link><pubDate>Tue, 2 Jun 2020 23:23:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Compiling AutoDock Vina on iOS</h1><p>Why? Because I can.</p><h2>Installing makedepend</h2><p><code>makedepend</code> is a Unix tool used to generate dependencies of C source files. Most modern programs do not use this anymore, but then again AutoDock Vina's source code hasn't been changed since 2011. The first hurdle came when I saw that there was no makedepend command, neither was there any package on any development repository for iOS. So, I tracked down the original source code for <code>makedepend</code> (https://github.com/DerellLicht/makedepend). According to the repository this is actually the source code for the makedepend utility that came with some XWindows distribution back around Y2K. I am pretty sure there is a problem with my current compiler configuration because I had to manually edit the <code>Makefile</code> to provide the path to the iOS SDKs using the <code>-isysroot</code> flag.</p><h2>Editing the Makefile</h2><p>Original Makefile ( I used the provided mac Makefile base )</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nv">BASE</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/local +<span class="nv">BOOST_VERSION</span><span class="o">=</span>1_41 +<span class="nv">BOOST_INCLUDE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">$(</span>BASE<span class="k">)</span>/include +<span class="nv">C_PLATFORM</span><span class="o">=</span>-arch i386 -arch ppc -isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.5.sdk -mmacosx-version-min<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">10</span>.4 +<span class="nv">GPP</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/bin/g++ +<span class="nv">C_OPTIONS</span><span class="o">=</span> -O3 -DNDEBUG +<span class="nv">BOOST_LIB_VERSION</span><span class="o">=</span> + +include ../../makefile_common +</div></code></pre><p>I installed Boost 1.68.0-1 from Sam Bingner's repository. ( Otherwise I would have had to compile boost too 😫 )</p><p>Edited Makefile</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nv">BASE</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr +<span class="nv">BOOST_VERSION</span><span class="o">=</span>1_68 +<span class="nv">BOOST_INCLUDE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">$(</span>BASE<span class="k">)</span>/include +<span class="nv">C_PLATFORM</span><span class="o">=</span>-arch arm64 -isysroot /var/sdks/Latest.sdk +<span class="nv">GPP</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/bin/g++ +<span class="nv">C_OPTIONS</span><span class="o">=</span> -O3 -DNDEBUG +<span class="nv">BOOST_LIB_VERSION</span><span class="o">=</span> + +include ../../makefile_common +</div></code></pre><h2>Updating the Source Code</h2><p>Of course since Boost 1.41 many things have been added and deprecated, that is why I had to edit the source code to make it work with version 1.68</p><h3>Error 1 - No Matching Constructor</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>../../../src/main/main.cpp:50:9: error: no matching constructor <span class="k">for</span> initialization of <span class="s1">'path'</span> <span class="o">(</span>aka <span class="s1">'boost::filesystem::path'</span><span class="o">)</span> +<span class="k">return</span> path<span class="o">(</span>str, boost::filesystem::native<span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span> +</div></code></pre><p>This was an easy fix, I just commented this and added a return statement to return the path</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="k">return</span> path<span class="o">(</span>str<span class="o">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Error 2 - No Member Named 'native<em>file</em>string'</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>../../../src/main/main.cpp:665:57: error: no member named <span class="s1">'native_file_string'</span> in <span class="s1">'boost::filesystem::path'</span> + std::cerr << <span class="s2">"\n\nError: could not open \""</span> <span class="s"><< e.name</span>.native_file_string<span class="o">()</span> << <span class="s2">"\" for "</span> << <span class="o">(</span>e.in ? <span class="s2">"reading"</span> : <span class="s2">"writing"</span><span class="o">)</span> << <span class="s2">".\n"</span><span class="p">;</span> + ~~~~~~ ^ +../../../src/main/main.cpp:677:80: error: no member named <span class="s1">'native_file_string'</span> in <span class="s1">'boost::filesystem::path'</span> + std::cerr << <span class="s2">"\n\nParse error on line "</span> <span class="s"><< e.line</span> << <span class="s2">" in file \""</span> <span class="s"><< e.file</span>.native_file_string<span class="o">()</span> << <span class="s2">"\": "</span> <span class="s"><< e.re</span>ason <span class="s"><< '\n';</span> +<span class="s"> ~~~~~~ ^</span> +<span class="s">2 errors gen</span>erated. +</div></code></pre><p>Turns out <code>native_file_string</code> was deprecated in Boost 1.57 and replaced with just <code>string</code></p><h3>Error 3 - Library Not Found</h3><p>This one still boggles me because there was no reason for it to not work, as a workaround I downloaded the DEB, extracted it and used that path for compiling.</p><h3>Error 4 - No Member Named 'native<em>file</em>string' Again.</h3><p>But, this time in another file and I quickly fixed it</p><h2>Moment of Truth</h2><p>Obviously it was working on my iPad, but would it work on another device? I transferred the compiled binary and</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/autodock-vina/s1.png" alt=""AutoDock Vina running on my iPhone""/><p>The package is available on my repository and only depends on boost. ( Both, Vina and Vina-Split are part of the package)</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-06-01-Speeding-Up-Molecular-Docking-Workflow-AutoDock-Vina-and-PyMOL</guid><title>Workflow for Lightning Fast Molecular Docking Part One</title><description>This is my workflow for lightning fast molecular docking.</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-06-01-Speeding-Up-Molecular-Docking-Workflow-AutoDock-Vina-and-PyMOL</link><pubDate>Mon, 1 Jun 2020 13:10:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Workflow for Lightning Fast Molecular Docking Part One</h1><h2>My Setup</h2><ul><li>macOS Catalina ( RIP 32bit app)</li><li>PyMOL</li><li>AutoDock Vina</li><li>Open Babel</li></ul><h2>One Command Docking</h2><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>obabel -:<span class="s2">"</span><span class="k">$(</span>pbpaste<span class="k">)</span><span class="s2">"</span> --gen3d -opdbqt -Otest.pdbqt <span class="o">&&</span> vina --receptor lu.pdbqt --center_x -9.7 --center_y <span class="m">11</span>.4 --center_z <span class="m">68</span>.9 --size_x <span class="m">19</span>.3 --size_y <span class="m">29</span>.9 --size_z <span class="m">21</span>.3 --ligand test.pdbqt +</div></code></pre><p>To run this command you simple copy the SMILES structure of the ligand you want an it automatically takes it from your clipboard, generates the 3D structure in the AutoDock PDBQT format using Open Babel and then docks it with your receptor using AutoDock Vina, all with just one command.</p><p>Let me break down the commands</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>obabel -:<span class="s2">"</span><span class="k">$(</span>pbpaste<span class="k">)</span><span class="s2">"</span> --gen3d -opdbqt -Otest.pdbqt +</div></code></pre><p><code>pbpaste</code> and <code>pbcopy</code> are macOS commands for pasting and copying from and to the clipboard. Linux users may install the <code>xclip</code> and <code>xsel</code> packages from their respective package managers and then insert these aliases into their bash_profile, zshrc e.t.c</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="nv">pbcopy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'xclip -selection clipboard'</span> +<span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="nv">pbpaste</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'xclip -selection clipboard -o'</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="k">$(</span>pbpaste<span class="k">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p>This is used in bash to evaluate the results of a command. In this scenario we are using it to get the contents of the clipboard.</p><p>The rest of the command is a normal Open Babel command to generate a 3D structure in PDBQT format and then save it as <code>test.pdbqt</code></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="o">&&</span> +</div></code></pre><p>This tells the terminal to only run the next part if the previous command runs successfully without any errors.</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>vina --receptor lu.pdbqt --center_x -9.7 --center_y <span class="m">11</span>.4 --center_z <span class="m">68</span>.9 --size_x <span class="m">19</span>.3 --size_y <span class="m">29</span>.9 --size_z <span class="m">21</span>.3 --ligand test.pdbqt +</div></code></pre><p>This is just the docking command for AutoDock Vina. In the next part I will tell how to use PyMOL and a plugin to directly generate the coordinates in Vina format <code> --center_x -9.7 --center_y 11.4 --center_z 68.9 --size_x 19.3 --size_y 29.9 --size_z 21.3</code> without needing to type them manually.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-05-31-compiling-open-babel-on-ios</guid><title>Compiling Open Babel on iOS</title><description>Compiling Open Babel on iOS</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-05-31-compiling-open-babel-on-ios</link><pubDate>Sun, 31 May 2020 23:30:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Compiling Open Babel on iOS</h1><p>Due to the fact that my summer vacations started today, I had the brilliant idea of trying to run open babel on my iPad. To give a little background, I had tried to compile AutoDock Vina using a cross-compiler but I had miserably failed.</p><p>I am running the Checkr1n jailbreak on my iPad and the Unc0ver jailbreak on my phone.</p><h2>But Why?</h2><p>Well, just because I can. This is literally the only reason I tried compiling it and also partially because in the long run I want to compile AutoDock Vina so I can do Molecular Docking on the go.</p><h2>Let's Go!</h2><p>How hard can it be to compile open babel right? It is just a simple software with clear and concise build instructions. I just need to use <code>cmake</code> to build and the <code>make</code> to install.</p><p>It is 11 AM in the morning. I install <code>clang, cmake and make</code> from the Sam Bingner's repository, fired up ssh, downloaded the source code and ran the build command.`clang</p><h3>Fail No. 1</h3><p>I couldn't even get cmake to run, I did a little digging around StackOverflow and founf that I needed the iOS SDK, sure no problem. I waited for Xcode to update and transferred the SDKs to my iPad</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>scp -r /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS.sdk root@192.168.1.8:/var/sdks/ +</div></code></pre><p>Them I told cmake that this is the location for my SDK 😠. Successful! Now I just needed to use make.</p><h3>Fail No. 2</h3><p>It was giving the error that thread-local-storage was not supported on this device.</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="o">[</span> <span class="m">0</span>%<span class="o">]</span> Building CXX object src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/alias.cpp.o +<span class="o">[</span> <span class="m">1</span>%<span class="o">]</span> Building CXX object src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/atom.cpp.o +In file included from /var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:28: +In file included from /var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/ring.h:29: +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/typer.h:70:1: error: thread-local storage is not supported <span class="k">for</span> the current target +THREAD_LOCAL OB_EXTERN OBAtomTyper atomtyper<span class="p">;</span> +^ +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro <span class="s1">'THREAD_LOCAL'</span> +<span class="c1"># define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local</span> + ^ +In file included from /var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:28: +In file included from /var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/ring.h:29: +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/typer.h:84:1: error: thread-local storage is not supported <span class="k">for</span> the current target +THREAD_LOCAL OB_EXTERN OBAromaticTyper aromtyper<span class="p">;</span> +^ +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro <span class="s1">'THREAD_LOCAL'</span> +<span class="c1"># define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local</span> + ^ +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:107:10: error: thread-local storage is not supported <span class="k">for</span> the current target + extern THREAD_LOCAL OBAromaticTyper aromtyper<span class="p">;</span> + ^ +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro <span class="s1">'THREAD_LOCAL'</span> +<span class="c1"># define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local</span> + ^ +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:108:10: error: thread-local storage is not supported <span class="k">for</span> the current target + extern THREAD_LOCAL OBAtomTyper atomtyper<span class="p">;</span> + ^ +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro <span class="s1">'THREAD_LOCAL'</span> +<span class="c1"># define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local</span> + ^ +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:109:10: error: thread-local storage is not supported <span class="k">for</span> the current target + extern THREAD_LOCAL OBPhModel phmodel<span class="p">;</span> + ^ +/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro <span class="s1">'THREAD_LOCAL'</span> +<span class="c1"># define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local</span> + ^ +<span class="m">5</span> errors generated. +make<span class="o">[</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="o">]</span>: *** <span class="o">[</span>src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/build.make:76: src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/atom.cpp.o<span class="o">]</span> Error <span class="m">1</span> +make<span class="o">[</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">]</span>: *** <span class="o">[</span>CMakeFiles/Makefile2:1085: src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/all<span class="o">]</span> Error <span class="m">2</span> +make: *** <span class="o">[</span>Makefile:129: all<span class="o">]</span> Error <span class="m">2</span> +</div></code></pre><p>Strange but it is alright, there is nothing that hasn't been answered on the internet.</p><p>I did a little digging around and could not find a solution 😔</p><p>As a temporary fix, I disabled multithreading by going and commenting the lines in the source code.</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/open-babel/s1.png" alt=""Open-Babel running on my iPad""/><h2>Packaging as a deb</h2><p>This was pretty straight forward, I tried installing it on my iPad and it was working pretty smoothly.</p><h2>Moment of Truth</h2><p>So I airdropped the .deb to my phone and tried installing it, the installation was successful but when I tried <code>obabel</code> it just aborted.</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/open-babel/s2.jpg" alt=""Open Babel crashing""/><p>Turns out because I had created an install target of a separate folder while compiling, the binaries were referencing a non-existing dylib rather than those in the /usr/lib folder. As a quick workaround I transferred the deb folder to my laptop and used otool and install_name tool: <code>install_name_tool -change /var/root/obabel/ob-build/lib/libopenbabel.7.dylib /usr/lib/libopenbabel.7.dylib</code> for all the executables and then signed them using jtool</p><p>I then installed it and everything went smoothly, I even ran <code>obabel</code> and it executed perfectly, showing the version number 3.1.0 ✌️ Ahh, smooth victory.</p><p>Nope. When I tried converting from SMILES to pdbqt, it gave an error saying plugin not found. This was weird.</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/open-babel/s3.jpg" alt=""Open Babel Plugin Error""/><p>So I just copied the entire build folder from my iPad to my phone and tried running it. Oops, Apple Sandbox Error, Oh no!</p><p>I spent 2 hours around this problem, only to see the documentation and realise I hadn't setup the environment variable 🤦♂️</p><h2>The Final Fix ( For Now )</h2><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">BABEL_DATADIR</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"/usr/share/openbabel/3.1.0"</span> +<span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">BABEL_LIBDIR</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"/usr/lib/openbabel/3.1.0"</span> +</div></code></pre><p>This was the tragedy of trying to compile something without knowing enough about compiling. It is 11:30 as of writing this. Something as trivial as this should not have taken me so long. Am I going to try to compile AutoDock Vina next? 🤔 Maybe.</p><p>Also, if you want to try Open Babel on you jailbroken iDevice, install the package from my repository ( You, need to run the above mentioned final fix :p ). This was tested on iOS 13.5, I cannot tell if it will work on others or not.</p><p>Hopefully, I add some more screenshots to this post.</p><p>Edit 1: Added Screenshots, had to replicate the errors.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-04-13-Fixing-X11-Error-AmberTools-macOS</guid><title>Fixing X11 Error on macOS Catalina for AmberTools 18/19</title><description>Fixing Could not find the X11 libraries; you may need to edit config.h, AmberTools macOS Catalina</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-04-13-Fixing-X11-Error-AmberTools-macOS</link><pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2020 11:41:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Fixing X11 Error on macOS Catalina for AmberTools 18/19</h1><p>I was trying to install AmberTools on my macOS Catalina Installation. Running <code>./configure -macAccelerate clang</code> gave me an error that it could not find X11 libraries, even though <code>locate libXt</code> showed that my installation was correct.</p><p>Error:</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>Could not find the X11 libraries<span class="p">;</span> you may need to edit config.h + to <span class="nb">set</span> the XHOME and XLIBS variables. +Error: The X11 libraries are not in the usual location ! + To search <span class="k">for</span> them try the command: locate libXt + On new Fedora OS<span class="s1">'s install the libXt-devel libXext-devel</span> +<span class="s1"> libX11-devel libICE-devel libSM-devel packages.</span> +<span class="s1"> On old Fedora OS'</span>s install the xorg-x11-devel package. + On RedHat OS<span class="s1">'s install the XFree86-devel package.</span> +<span class="s1"> On Ubuntu OS'</span>s install the xorg-dev and xserver-xorg packages. + + ...more info <span class="k">for</span> various linuxes at ambermd.org/ubuntu.html + + To build Amber without XLEaP, re-run configure with <span class="err">'</span>-noX11: + ./configure -noX11 --with-python /usr/local/bin/python3 -macAccelerate clang +Configure failed due to the errors above! +</div></code></pre><p>I searched on Google for a solution. Sadly, there was not even a single thread which had a solution about this error.</p><h2>The Fix</h2><p>Simply reinstalling XQuartz using homebrew fixed the error <code>brew cask reinstall xquartz</code></p><p>If you do not have XQuartz installed, you need to run <code>brew cask install xquartz</code></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/publications/2020-03-17-Possible-Drug-Candidates-COVID-19</guid><title>Possible Drug Candidates for COVID-19</title><description>COVID-19, has been officially labeled as a pandemic by the World Health Organisation. This paper presents cloperastine and vigabatrin as two possible drug candidates for combatting the disease along with the process by which they were discovered.</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/publications/2020-03-17-Possible-Drug-Candidates-COVID-19</link><pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2020 17:40:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Possible Drug Candidates for COVID-19</h1><p>This is still a pre-print.</p><p><a href="https://chemrxiv.org/articles/Possible_Drug_Candidates_for_COVID-19/11985231">Download paper here</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/publications/2020-03-14-generating-vaporwave</guid><title>Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?</title><description>This paper is about programmaticaly generating Vaporwave.</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/publications/2020-03-14-generating-vaporwave</link><pubDate>Sat, 14 Mar 2020 22:23:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?</h1><p>This is still a pre-print.</p><p><a href="https://indiarxiv.org/9um2r/">Download paper here</a></p><p>Recommended citation:</p><h3>APA</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>Chauhan, N. <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">2020</span>, March <span class="m">15</span><span class="o">)</span>. Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?. https://doi.org/10.35543/osf.io/9um2r +</div></code></pre><h3>MLA</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>Chauhan, Navan. “Is It Possible to Programmatically Generate Vaporwave?.” IndiaRxiv, <span class="m">15</span> Mar. <span class="m">2020</span>. Web. +</div></code></pre><h3>Chicago</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>Chauhan, Navan. <span class="m">2020</span>. “Is It Possible to Programmatically Generate Vaporwave?.” IndiaRxiv. March <span class="m">15</span>. doi:10.35543/osf.io/9um2r. +</div></code></pre><h3>Bibtex</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>@misc<span class="o">{</span>chauhan_2020, + <span class="nv">title</span><span class="o">={</span>Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?<span class="o">}</span>, + <span class="nv">url</span><span class="o">={</span>indiarxiv.org/9um2r<span class="o">}</span>, + <span class="nv">DOI</span><span class="o">={</span><span class="m">10</span>.35543/osf.io/9um2r<span class="o">}</span>, + <span class="nv">publisher</span><span class="o">={</span>IndiaRxiv<span class="o">}</span>, + <span class="nv">author</span><span class="o">={</span>Chauhan, Navan<span class="o">}</span>, + <span class="nv">year</span><span class="o">={</span><span class="m">2020</span><span class="o">}</span>, + <span class="nv">month</span><span class="o">={</span>Mar<span class="o">}</span> +<span class="o">}</span> +</div></code></pre>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-03-08-Making-Vaporwave-Track</guid><title>Making My First Vaporwave Track (Remix)</title><description>I made my first vaporwave remix</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-03-08-Making-Vaporwave-Track</link><pubDate>Sun, 8 Mar 2020 23:17:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Making My First Vaporwave Track (Remix)</h1><p>I finally completed my first quick and dirty vaporwave remix of "I Want It That Way" by the Backstreet Boys</p><h1>V A P O R W A V E</h1><p>Vaporwave is all about A E S T H E T I C S. Vaporwave is a type of music genre that emerged as a parody of Chillwave, shared more as a meme rather than a proper musical genre. Of course this changed as the genre become mature</p><h1>How to Vaporwave</h1><p>The first track which is considered to be actual Vaporwave is Ramona Xavier's Macintosh Plus, this set the the guidelines for making Vaporwave</p><ul><li>Take a 1980s RnB song</li><li>Slow it down</li><li>Add Bass and Treble</li><li>Add again</li><li>Add Reverb ( make sure its wet )</li></ul><p>There you have your very own Vaporwave track.</p><p>( Now, there are some tracks being produced which are not remixes and are original )</p><h1>My Remix</h1><iframe width="300" height="202" src="https://www.bandlab.com/embed/?id=aa91e786-6361-ea11-a94c-0003ffd1cad8&blur=false" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><h1>Where is the Programming?</h1><p>The fact that there are steps on producing Vaporwave, this gave me the idea that Vaporwave can actually be made using programming, stay tuned for when I publish the program which I am working on ( Generating A E S T H E T I C artwork and remixes)</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-03-03-Playing-With-Android-TV</guid><title>Tinkering with an Android TV</title><description>Tinkering with an Android TV</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-03-03-Playing-With-Android-TV</link><pubDate>Tue, 3 Mar 2020 18:37:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Tinkering with an Android TV</h1><p>So I have an Android TV, this posts covers everything I have tried on it</p><h2>Contents</h2><ol><li><a href="#IP-Address">Getting TV's IP Address</a></li><li><a href="#Developer-Settings">Enable Developer Settings</a></li><li><a href="#Enable-ADB">Enable ADB</a></li><li><a href="#Connect-ADB">Connect ADB</a></li><li><a href="#">Manipulating Packages</a></li></ol><h2>IP-Address</h2><p><em>These steps should be similar for all Android-TVs</em></p><ul><li>Go To Settings</li><li>Go to Network</li><li>Advanced Settings</li><li>Network Status</li><li>Note Down IP-Address</li></ul><p>The other option is to go to your router's server page and get connected devices</p><h2>Developer-Settings</h2><ul><li>Go To Settings</li><li>About</li><li>Continously click on the "Build" option until it says "You are a Developer"</li></ul><h2>Enable-ADB</h2><ul><li>Go to Settings</li><li>Go to Developer Options</li><li>Scroll untill you find ADB Debugging and enable that option</li></ul><h2>Connect-ADB</h2><ul><li>Open Terminal (Make sure you have ADB installed)</li><li>Enter the following command <code>adb connect <IP_ADDRESS></code></li><li>To test the connection run <code>adb logcat</code></li></ul><h2>Manipulating Apps / Packages</h2><h3>Listing Packages</h3><ul><li><code>adb shell</code></li><li><code>pm list packages</code></li></ul><h3>Installing Packages</h3><ul><li><code>adb install -r package.apk</code></li></ul><h3>Uninstalling Packages</h3><ul><li><code>adb uninstall com.company.yourpackagename</code></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-01-19-Connect-To-Bluetooth-Devices-Linux-Terminal</guid><title>How to setup Bluetooth on a Raspberry Pi</title><description>Connecting to Bluetooth Devices using terminal, tested on Raspberry Pi Zero W</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-01-19-Connect-To-Bluetooth-Devices-Linux-Terminal</link><pubDate>Sun, 19 Jan 2020 15:27:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>How to setup Bluetooth on a Raspberry Pi</h1><p><em>This was tested on a Raspberry Pi Zero W</em></p><h2>Enter in the Bluetooth Mode</h2><p><code>pi@raspberrypi:~ $ bluetoothctl</code></p><p><code>[bluetooth]# agent on</code></p><p><code>[bluetooth]# default-agent</code></p><p><code>[bluetooth]# scan on</code></p><h2>To Pair</h2><p>While being in bluetooth mode</p><p><code>[bluetooth]# pair XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX</code></p><p>To Exit out of bluetoothctl anytime, just type exit</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-01-16-Image-Classifier-Using-Turicreate</guid><title>Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Turicreate to detect Smoke and Fire</title><description>Tutorial on creating a custom Image Classifier using Turicreate and a dataset from Kaggle</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-01-16-Image-Classifier-Using-Turicreate</link><pubDate>Thu, 16 Jan 2020 10:36:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Turicreate to detect Smoke and Fire</h1><p><em>For setting up Kaggle with Google Colab, please refer to <a href="https://navanchauhan.github.io//posts/2020-01-15-Setting-up-Kaggle-to-use-with-Colab/"> my previous post</a></em></p><h2>Dataset</h2><h3>Mounting Google Drive</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> +<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">google.colab</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">drive</span> +<span class="n">drive</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/content/drive'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Downloading Dataset from Kaggle</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'KAGGLE_CONFIG_DIR'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"/content/drive/My Drive/"</span> +<span class="err">!</span><span class="n">kaggle</span> <span class="n">datasets</span> <span class="n">download</span> <span class="n">ashutosh69</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">fire</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="ow">and</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">smoke</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">dataset</span> +<span class="err">!</span><span class="n">unzip</span> <span class="s2">"fire-and-smoke-dataset.zip"</span> +</div></code></pre><h2>Pre-Processing</h2><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">!mkdir</span><span class="na"> default smoke fire</span> +</div></code></pre><p><br></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">!ls</span><span class="na"> data/data/img_data/train/default/*.jpg</span> +</div></code></pre><p><br></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">img_1002.jpg</span><span class="na"> img_20.jpg img_519.jpg img_604.jpg img_80.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1003.jpg img_21.jpg img_51.jpg img_60.jpg img_8.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1007.jpg img_22.jpg img_520.jpg img_61.jpg img_900.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_100.jpg img_23.jpg img_521.jpg 'img_62 (2).jpg' img_920.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1014.jpg img_24.jpg 'img_52 (2).jpg' img_62.jpg img_921.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1018.jpg img_29.jpg img_522.jpg 'img_63 (2).jpg' img_922.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_101.jpg img_3000.jpg img_523.jpg img_63.jpg img_923.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1027.jpg img_335.jpg img_524.jpg img_66.jpg img_924.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_102.jpg img_336.jpg img_52.jpg img_67.jpg img_925.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1042.jpg img_337.jpg img_530.jpg img_68.jpg img_926.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1043.jpg img_338.jpg img_531.jpg img_700.jpg img_927.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1046.jpg img_339.jpg 'img_53 (2).jpg' img_701.jpg img_928.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1052.jpg img_340.jpg img_532.jpg img_702.jpg img_929.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_107.jpg img_341.jpg img_533.jpg img_703.jpg img_930.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_108.jpg img_3.jpg img_537.jpg img_704.jpg img_931.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_109.jpg img_400.jpg img_538.jpg img_705.jpg img_932.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_10.jpg img_471.jpg img_539.jpg img_706.jpg img_933.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_118.jpg img_472.jpg img_53.jpg img_707.jpg img_934.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_12.jpg img_473.jpg img_540.jpg img_708.jpg img_935.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_14.jpg img_488.jpg img_541.jpg img_709.jpg img_938.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_15.jpg img_489.jpg 'img_54 (2).jpg' img_70.jpg img_958.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_16.jpg img_490.jpg img_542.jpg img_710.jpg img_971.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_17.jpg img_491.jpg img_543.jpg 'img_71 (2).jpg' img_972.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_18.jpg img_492.jpg img_54.jpg img_71.jpg img_973.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_19.jpg img_493.jpg 'img_55 (2).jpg' img_72.jpg img_974.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_1.jpg img_494.jpg img_55.jpg img_73.jpg img_975.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_200.jpg img_495.jpg img_56.jpg img_74.jpg img_980.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_201.jpg img_496.jpg img_57.jpg img_75.jpg img_988.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_202.jpg img_497.jpg img_58.jpg img_76.jpg img_9.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_203.jpg img_4.jpg img_59.jpg img_77.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_204.jpg img_501.jpg img_601.jpg img_78.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_205.jpg img_502.jpg img_602.jpg img_79.jpg</span> +<span class="na">img_206.jpg img_50.jpg img_603.jpg img_7.jpg</span> +</div></code></pre><p>The image files are not actually JPEG, thus we first need to save them in the correct format for Turicreate</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">PIL</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Image</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">glob</span> + + +<span class="n">folders</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"default"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"smoke"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"fire"</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">folder</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">folders</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./data/data/img_data/train/"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">folder</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"/*.jpg"</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">im</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">rgb_im</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">im</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">convert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'RGB'</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">rgb_im</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">folder</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"/"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">".jpg"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">quality</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+=</span><span class="mi">1</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./data/data/img_data/train/"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">folder</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"/*.jpg"</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">im</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">rgb_im</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">im</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">convert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'RGB'</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">rgb_im</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">folder</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"/"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">".jpg"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">quality</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+=</span><span class="mi">1</span> +</div></code></pre><p><br></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">!mkdir</span><span class="na"> train</span> +<span class="na">!mv default ./train</span> +<span class="na">!mv smoke ./train</span> +<span class="na">!mv fire ./train</span> +</div></code></pre><h2>Making the Image Classifier</h2><h3>Making an SFrame</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">!pip</span><span class="na"> install turicreate</span> +</div></code></pre><p><br></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">turicreate</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tc</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> + +<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">image_analysis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load_images</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./train"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">with_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"label"</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"path"</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">path</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)))</span> + +<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'fire-smoke.sframe'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p><br></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">+-------------------------+------------------------+</span> +<span class="err">| path | image |</span> +<span class="nt">+-------------------------+------------------------+</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/1.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/10.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/100.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/101.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/102.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/103.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/104.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/105.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/106.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/107.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |</span> +<span class="nt">+-------------------------+------------------------+</span> +<span class="nt">[2028</span><span class="na"> rows x 2 columns]</span> +<span class="na">Note</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Only</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">the</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">head</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">of</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">the</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">SFrame</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">is</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">printed.</span> +<span class="nt">You</span><span class="na"> can use print_rows(num_rows=m, num_columns=n) to print more rows and columns.</span> +<span class="na">+-------------------------+------------------------+---------+</span> +<span class="p">|</span><span class="na"> path </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="na"> image </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="na"> label </span><span class="p">|</span> +<span class="nt">+-------------------------+------------------------+---------+</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/1.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/10.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/100.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/101.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/102.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/103.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/104.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/105.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/106.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="err">| ./train/default/107.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |</span> +<span class="nt">+-------------------------+------------------------+---------+</span> +<span class="nt">[2028</span><span class="na"> rows x 3 columns]</span> +<span class="na">Note</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Only</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">the</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">head</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">of</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">the</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">SFrame</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">is</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">printed.</span> +<span class="nt">You</span><span class="na"> can use print_rows(num_rows=m, num_columns=n) to print more rows and columns.</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Making the Model</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">turicreate</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tc</span> + +<span class="c1"># Load the data</span> +<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'fire-smoke.sframe'</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c1"># Make a train-test split</span> +<span class="n">train_data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random_split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.8</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c1"># Create the model</span> +<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">image_classifier</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">train_data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'label'</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c1"># Save predictions to an SArray</span> +<span class="n">predictions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">predict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test_data</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c1"># Evaluate the model and print the results</span> +<span class="n">metrics</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">evaluate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test_data</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">metrics</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'accuracy'</span><span class="p">])</span> + +<span class="c1"># Save the model for later use in Turi Create</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'fire-smoke.model'</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c1"># Export for use in Core ML</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">export_coreml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'fire-smoke.mlmodel'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p><br></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">Performing</span><span class="na"> feature extraction on resized images...</span> +<span class="na">Completed 64/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 128/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 192/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 256/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 320/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 384/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 448/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 512/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 576/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 640/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 704/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 768/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 832/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 896/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 960/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1024/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1088/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1152/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1216/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1280/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1344/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1408/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1472/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1536/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1600/1633</span> +<span class="na">Completed 1633/1633</span> +<span class="na">PROGRESS</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Creating</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">validation</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">set</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">from</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">percent</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">of</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">data.</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">This</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">may</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">take</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">while.</span> + <span class="err">You can set ``validation_set=None`` to disable validation tracking.</span> + +<span class="nt">Logistic</span><span class="na"> regression</span><span class="p">:</span> +<span class="nt">--------------------------------------------------------</span> +<span class="nt">Number</span><span class="na"> of examples </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1551</span> +<span class="nt">Number</span><span class="na"> of classes </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3</span> +<span class="nt">Number</span><span class="na"> of feature columns </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1</span> +<span class="nt">Number</span><span class="na"> of unpacked features </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2048</span> +<span class="nt">Number</span><span class="na"> of coefficients </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4098</span> +<span class="nt">Starting</span><span class="na"> L-BFGS</span> +<span class="na">--------------------------------------------------------</span> +<span class="na">+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+</span> +<span class="p">|</span><span class="na"> Iteration </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="na"> Passes </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="na"> Step size </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="na"> Elapsed Time </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="na"> Training Accuracy </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="na"> Validation Accuracy </span><span class="p">|</span> +<span class="nt">+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+</span> +<span class="err">| 0 | 6 | 0.018611 | 0.891830 | 0.553836 | 0.560976 |</span> +<span class="err">| 1 | 10 | 0.390832 | 1.622383 | 0.744681 | 0.792683 |</span> +<span class="err">| 2 | 11 | 0.488541 | 1.943987 | 0.733075 | 0.804878 |</span> +<span class="err">| 3 | 14 | 2.442703 | 2.512545 | 0.727917 | 0.841463 |</span> +<span class="err">| 4 | 15 | 2.442703 | 2.826964 | 0.861380 | 0.853659 |</span> +<span class="err">| 9 | 28 | 2.340435 | 5.492035 | 0.941328 | 0.975610 |</span> +<span class="nt">+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+</span> +<span class="nt">Performing</span><span class="na"> feature extraction on resized images...</span> +<span class="na">Completed 64/395</span> +<span class="na">Completed 128/395</span> +<span class="na">Completed 192/395</span> +<span class="na">Completed 256/395</span> +<span class="na">Completed 320/395</span> +<span class="na">Completed 384/395</span> +<span class="na">Completed 395/395</span> +<span class="na">0.9316455696202531</span> +</div></code></pre><p>We just got an accuracy of 94% on Training Data and 97% on Validation Data!</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-01-15-Setting-up-Kaggle-to-use-with-Colab</guid><title>Setting up Kaggle to use with Google Colab</title><description>Tutorial on setting up kaggle, to use with Google Colab</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-01-15-Setting-up-Kaggle-to-use-with-Colab</link><pubDate>Wed, 15 Jan 2020 23:36:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Setting up Kaggle to use with Google Colab</h1><p><em>In order to be able to access Kaggle Datasets, you will need to have an account on Kaggle (which is Free)</em></p><h2>Grabbing Our Tokens</h2><h3>Go to Kaggle</h3><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/kaggle-colab/ss1.png" alt=""Homepage""/><h3>Click on your User Profile and Click on My Account</h3><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/kaggle-colab/ss2.png" alt=""Account""/><h3>Scroll Down until you see Create New API Token</h3><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/kaggle-colab/ss3.png"/><h3>This will download your token as a JSON file</h3><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/posts/kaggle-colab/ss4.png"/><p>Copy the File to the root folder of your Google Drive</p><h2>Setting up Colab</h2><h3>Mounting Google Drive</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> +<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">google.colab</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">drive</span> +<span class="n">drive</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/content/drive'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p>After this click on the URL in the output section, login and then paste the Auth Code</p><h3>Configuring Kaggle</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'KAGGLE_CONFIG_DIR'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"/content/drive/My Drive/"</span> +</div></code></pre><p>Voila! You can now download Kaggle datasets</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-01-14-Converting-between-PIL-NumPy</guid><title>Converting between image and NumPy array</title><description>Short code snippet for converting between PIL image and NumPy arrays.</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2020-01-14-Converting-between-PIL-NumPy</link><pubDate>Tue, 14 Jan 2020 00:10:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Converting between image and NumPy array</h1><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">PIL</span> + +<span class="c1"># Convert PIL Image to NumPy array</span> +<span class="n">img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PIL</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"foo.jpg"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">arr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">numpy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="c1"># Convert array to Image</span> +<span class="n">img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PIL</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arr</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h2>Saving an Image</h2><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">destination</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"JPEG"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quality</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">optimize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">progressive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">IOError</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">PIL</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ImageFile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MAXBLOCK</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> + <span class="n">img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">destination</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"JPEG"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quality</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">optimize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">progressive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-22-Fake-News-Detector</guid><title>Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate</title><description>In this tutorial we will build a fake news detecting app from scratch, using Turicreate for the machine learning model and SwiftUI for building the app</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-22-Fake-News-Detector</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Dec 2019 11:10:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate</h1><p><strong>In this tutorial we will build a fake news detecting app from scratch, using Turicreate for the machine learning model and SwiftUI for building the app</strong></p><p>Note: These commands are written as if you are running a jupyter notebook.</p><h2>Building the Machine Learning Model</h2><h3>Data Gathering</h3><p>To build a classifier, you need a lot of data. George McIntire (GH: @joolsa) has created a wonderful dataset containing the headline, body and whether it is fake or real. Whenever you are looking for a dataset, always try searching on Kaggle and GitHub before you start building your own</p><h3>Dependencies</h3><p>I used a Google Colab instance for training my model. If you also plan on using Google Colab then I recommend choosing a GPU Instance (It is Free) This allows you to train the model on the GPU. Turicreate is built on top of Apache's MXNet Framework, for us to use GPU we need to install a CUDA compatible MXNet package.</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">!pip</span><span class="na"> install turicreate</span> +<span class="na">!pip uninstall -y mxnet</span> +<span class="na">!pip install mxnet-cu100==1.4.0.post0</span> +</div></code></pre><p>If you do not wish to train on GPU or are running it on your computer, you can ignore the last two lines</p><h3>Downloading the Dataset</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">!wget</span><span class="na"> -q "https</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">//github.com/joolsa/fake_real_news_dataset/raw/master/fake_or_real_news.csv.zip"</span> +<span class="nt">!unzip</span><span class="na"> fake_or_real_news.csv.zip</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Model Creation</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">turicreate</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tc</span> +<span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_num_gpus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># If you do not wish to use GPUs, set it to 0</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">dataSFrame</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'fake_or_real_news.csv'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p>The dataset contains a column named "X1", which is of no use to us. Therefore, we simply drop it</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">dataSFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove_column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'X1'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h4>Splitting Dataset</h4><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dataSFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random_split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h4>Training</h4><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text_classifier</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span> + <span class="n">dataset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'label'</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="n">features</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'text'</span><span class="p">]</span> +<span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="o">+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Iteration</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Passes</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Step</span> <span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Elapsed</span> <span class="n">Time</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Training</span> <span class="n">Accuracy</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Validation</span> <span class="n">Accuracy</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.156349</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.889680</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.790036</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">4</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.359196</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.985952</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.918149</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">6</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.820091</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.557205</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.990260</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.914591</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">7</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.684872</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.998689</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.925267</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">4</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.814194</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.999063</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.925267</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">14</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">2.507072</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.911032</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Testing the Model</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">est_predictions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">predict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">accuracy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">evaluation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'label'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">test_predictions</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">'Topic classifier model has a testing accuracy of </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">% '</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flush</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">Topic</span> <span class="n">classifier</span> <span class="n">model</span> <span class="n">has</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">testing</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="mf">92.3076923076923</span><span class="o">%</span> +</div></code></pre><p>We have just created our own Fake News Detection Model which has an accuracy of 92%!</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">example_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"title"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Middling ‘Rise Of Skywalker’ Review Leaves Fan On Fence About Whether To Threaten To Kill Critic"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s2">"text"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Expressing ambivalence toward the relatively balanced appraisal of the film, Star Wars fan Miles Ariely admitted Thursday that an online publication’s middling review of The Rise Of Skywalker had left him on the fence about whether he would still threaten to kill the critic who wrote it. “I’m really of two minds about this, because on the one hand, he said the new movie fails to live up to the original trilogy, which makes me at least want to throw a brick through his window with a note telling him to watch his back,” said Ariely, confirming he had already drafted an eight-page-long death threat to Stan Corimer of the website Screen-On Time, but had not yet decided whether to post it to the reviewer’s Facebook page. “On the other hand, though, he commended J.J. Abrams’ skillful pacing and faithfulness to George Lucas’ vision, which makes me wonder if I should just call the whole thing off. Now, I really don’t feel like camping outside his house for hours. Maybe I could go with a response that’s somewhere in between, like, threatening to kill his dog but not everyone in his whole family? I don’t know. This is a tough one.” At press time, sources reported that Ariely had resolved to wear his Ewok costume while he murdered the critic in his sleep."</span><span class="p">]}</span> +<span class="n">example_prediction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">classify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">example_text</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">example_prediction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flush</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="o">+-------+--------------------+</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="err">| </span><span class="nc">probability</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">+-------+--------------------+</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">FAKE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.9245648658345308</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">+-------+--------------------+</span> +<span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">rows</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">]</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Exporting the Model</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">model_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'FakeNews'</span> +<span class="n">coreml_model_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model_name</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'.mlmodel'</span> +<span class="n">exportedModel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">export_coreml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coreml_model_name</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p><strong>Note: To download files from Google Colab, simply click on the files section in the sidebar, right click on filename and then click on download</strong></p><p><a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1onMXGkhA__X2aOFdsoVL-6HQBsWQhOP4">Link to Colab Notebook</a></p><h2>Building the App using SwiftUI</h2><h3>Initial Setup</h3><p>First we create a single view app (make sure you check the use SwiftUI button)</p><p>Then we copy our .mlmodel file to our project (Just drag and drop the file in the XCode Files Sidebar)</p><p>Our ML Model does not take a string directly as an input, rather it takes bag of words as an input. DescriptionThe bag-of-words model is a simplifying representation used in NLP, in this text is represented as a bag of words, without any regard for grammar or order, but noting multiplicity</p><p>We define our bag of words function</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">bow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-></span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Double</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">bagOfWords</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Double</span><span class="p">]()</span> + + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">tagger</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="bp">NSLinguisticTagger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tagSchemes</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[.</span><span class="n">tokenType</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">range</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">NSRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">length</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">utf16</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">count</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">NSLinguisticTagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Options</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[.</span><span class="n">omitPunctuation</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">omitWhitespace</span><span class="p">]</span> + <span class="n">tagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">text</span> + + <span class="n">tagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">enumerateTags</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">range</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">unit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scheme</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">tokenType</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="kc">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tokenRange</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">_</span> <span class="k">in</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">word</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="bp">NSString</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">tokenRange</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">nil</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">!</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> + <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + + <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">bagOfWords</span> + <span class="p">}</span> +</div></code></pre><p>We also declare our variables</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span> +<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">headline</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span> +<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">alertTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span> +<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">alertText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span> +<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">showingAlert</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="kc">false</span> +</div></code></pre><p>Finally, we implement a simple function which reads the two text fields, creates their bag of words representation and displays an alert with the appropriate result</p><p><strong>Complete Code</strong></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kd">import</span> <span class="nc">SwiftUI</span> + +<span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="nc">ContentView</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">View</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span> + <span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">headline</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span> + + <span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">alertTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span> + <span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">alertText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span> + <span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">showingAlert</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="kc">false</span> + + <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">body</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">some</span> <span class="n">View</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">NavigationView</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">VStack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alignment</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">leading</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Headline"</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">font</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">headline</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Please Enter Headline"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="err">$</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lineLimit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Body"</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">font</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">headline</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Please Enter the content"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="err">$</span><span class="n">headline</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lineLimit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">navigationBarTitle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Fake News Checker"</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">navigationBarItems</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">trailing</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">action</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">classifyFakeNews</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Check"</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="p">})</span> + <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">padding</span><span class="p">()</span> + <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">alert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isPresented</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="err">$</span><span class="n">showingAlert</span><span class="p">){</span> + <span class="n">Alert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alertTitle</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alertText</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">dismissButton</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"OK"</span><span class="p">)))</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + + <span class="p">}</span> + + <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">classifyFakeNews</span><span class="p">(){</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">model</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">FakeNews</span><span class="p">()</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">myTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">myText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">headline</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">prediction</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">prediction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">myTitle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">myText</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">alertTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">prediction</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">label</span> + <span class="n">alertText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"It is likely that this piece of news is </span><span class="si">\(</span><span class="n">prediction</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lowercased</span><span class="si">())</span><span class="s">."</span> + <span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alertText</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">catch</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">alertTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"Error"</span> + <span class="n">alertText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"Sorry, could not classify if the input news was fake or not."</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + + <span class="n">showingAlert</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="kc">true</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">bow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-></span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Double</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">bagOfWords</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Double</span><span class="p">]()</span> + + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">tagger</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="bp">NSLinguisticTagger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tagSchemes</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[.</span><span class="n">tokenType</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">range</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">NSRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">length</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">utf16</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">count</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">NSLinguisticTagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Options</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[.</span><span class="n">omitPunctuation</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">omitWhitespace</span><span class="p">]</span> + <span class="n">tagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">text</span> + + <span class="n">tagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">enumerateTags</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">range</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">unit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scheme</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">tokenType</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="kc">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tokenRange</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">_</span> <span class="k">in</span> + <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">word</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="bp">NSString</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">tokenRange</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">nil</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">!</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> + <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + <span class="p">}</span> + + <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">bagOfWords</span> + <span class="p">}</span> +<span class="p">}</span> + +<span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="nc">ContentView_Previews</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">PreviewProvider</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="kd">static</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">previews</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">some</span> <span class="n">View</span> <span class="p">{</span> + <span class="n">ContentView</span><span class="p">()</span> + <span class="p">}</span> +<span class="p">}</span> +</div></code></pre>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-16-TensorFlow-Polynomial-Regression</guid><title>Polynomial Regression Using TensorFlow</title><description>Polynomial regression using TensorFlow</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-16-TensorFlow-Polynomial-Regression</link><pubDate>Mon, 16 Dec 2019 14:16:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Polynomial Regression Using TensorFlow</h1><p><strong>In this tutorial you will learn about polynomial regression and how you can implement it in Tensorflow.</strong></p><p>In this, we will be performing polynomial regression using 5 types of equations -</p><ul><li>Linear</li><li>Quadratic</li><li>Cubic</li><li>Quartic</li><li>Quintic</li></ul><h2>Regression</h2><h3>What is Regression?</h3><p>Regression is a statistical measurement that is used to try to determine the relationship between a dependent variable (often denoted by Y), and series of varying variables (called independent variables, often denoted by X ).</p><h3>What is Polynomial Regression</h3><p>This is a form of Regression Analysis where the relationship between Y and X is denoted as the nth degree/power of X. Polynomial regression even fits a non-linear relationship (e.g when the points don't form a straight line).</p><h2>Imports</h2><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tensorflow.compat.v1</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tf</span> +<span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">disable_v2_behavior</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pandas</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">pd</span> +</div></code></pre><h2>Dataset</h2><h3>Creating Random Data</h3><p>Even though in this tutorial we will use a Position Vs Salary dataset, it is important to know how to create synthetic data</p><p>To create 50 values spaced evenly between 0 and 50, we use NumPy's linspace function</p><p><code>linspace(lower_limit, upper_limit, no_of_observations)</code></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p>We use the following function to add noise to the data, so that our values</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uniform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uniform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Position vs Salary Dataset</h3><p>We will be using https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tNL4jxZEfpaP4oflfSn6pIHJX7Pachm9/view (Salary vs Position Dataset)</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">!wget</span><span class="na"> --no-check-certificate 'https</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">//docs.google.com/uc?export</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="l">download&id=1tNL4jxZEfpaP4oflfSn6pIHJX7Pachm9' -O data.csv</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_csv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"data.csv"</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">df</span> <span class="c1"># this gives us a preview of the dataset we are working with</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Position</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Level</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Salary</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|-------------------|-------|---------|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Business</span> <span class="n">Analyst</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">45000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Junior</span> <span class="n">Consultant</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">50000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Senior</span> <span class="n">Consultant</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">60000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Manager</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">4</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">80000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Country</span> <span class="n">Manager</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">5</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">110000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Region</span> <span class="n">Manager</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">6</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">150000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Partner</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">7</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">200000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Senior</span> <span class="n">Partner</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">300000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">level</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">500000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">CEO</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> +</div></code></pre><p>We convert the salary column as the ordinate (y-coordinate) and level column as the abscissa</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">abscissa</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Level"</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_list</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># abscissa = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]</span> +<span class="n">ordinate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Salary"</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_list</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># ordinate = [45000,50000,60000,80000,110000,150000,200000,300000,500000,1000000]</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># no of observations</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Salary'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Position'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Salary vs Position"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span> +</div></code></pre><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/03-regression/1.png"/><h2>Defining Stuff</h2><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">placeholder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"float"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">Y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">placeholder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"float"</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Defining Variables</h3><p>We first define all the coefficients and constant as tensorflow variables having a random initial value</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"a"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"b"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"c"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"d"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"e"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"f"</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Model Configuration</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">learning_rate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0.2</span> +<span class="n">no_of_epochs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">25000</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Equations</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">deg1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span> +<span class="n">deg2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">c</span> +<span class="n">deg3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">d</span> +<span class="n">deg4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">e</span> +<span class="n">deg5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">f</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Cost Function</h3><p>We use the Mean Squared Error Function</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">mse1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reduce_sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">deg1</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mse2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reduce_sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">deg2</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mse3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reduce_sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">deg3</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mse4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reduce_sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">deg4</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">mse5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reduce_sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">deg5</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Optimizer</h3><p>We use the AdamOptimizer for the polynomial functions and GradientDescentOptimizer for the linear function</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">optimizer1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">GradientDescentOptimizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">learning_rate</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">minimize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse1</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">optimizer2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AdamOptimizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">learning_rate</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">minimize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse2</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">optimizer3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AdamOptimizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">learning_rate</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">minimize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse3</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">optimizer4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AdamOptimizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">learning_rate</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">minimize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse4</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">optimizer5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AdamOptimizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">learning_rate</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">minimize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse5</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">init</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">global_variables_initializer</span><span class="p">()</span> +</div></code></pre><h2>Model Predictions</h2><p>For each type of equation first we make the model predict the values of the coefficient(s) and constant, once we get these values we use it to predict the Y values using the X values. We then plot it to compare the actual data and predicted line.</p><h3>Linear Equation</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">epoch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no_of_epochs</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">optimizer1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Epoch"</span><span class="p">,(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">": Training Cost:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">" a,b:"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">))</span> + + <span class="n">training_cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="n">coefficient1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">constant</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">training_cost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">constant</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 1000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 2000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 3000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 4000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 5000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 6000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 7000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 8000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 9000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 10000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 11000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 12000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 13000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 14000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 15000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 16000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 17000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 18000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 19000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 20000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 21000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 22000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 23000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 24000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 25000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88999125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180396.42</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-478869.12</span> +<span class="nt">88999125000.0</span><span class="na"> 180396.42 -478869.12</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">predictions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> +<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">coefficient1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">constant</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'ro'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Original data'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Fitted line'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Linear Regression Result'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span> +</div></code></pre><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/03-regression/2.png"/><h3>Quadratic Equation</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">epoch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no_of_epochs</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">optimizer2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Epoch"</span><span class="p">,(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">": Training Cost:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">" a,b,c:"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">))</span> + + <span class="n">training_cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="n">coefficient1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">constant</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">training_cost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">constant</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 1000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">52571360000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1002.4456</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1097.0197</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1276.6921</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 2000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">37798890000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1952.4263</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2130.2825</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2469.7756</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 3000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">26751185000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2839.5825</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3081.6118</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3554.351</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 4000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">19020106000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3644.56</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3922.9563</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4486.3135</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 5000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">14060446000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4345.042</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4621.4233</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5212.693</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 6000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">11201084000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4921.1855</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5148.1504</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5689.0713</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 7000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">9732740000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5364.764</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5493.0156</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5906.754</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 8000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">9050918000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5685.4067</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5673.182</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5902.0728</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 9000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8750394000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5906.9814</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5724.8906</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5734.746</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 10000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8613128000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6057.3677</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5687.3364</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5461.167</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 11000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8540034600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6160.547</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5592.3022</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5122.8633</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 12000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8490983000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6233.9175</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5462.025</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4747.111</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 13000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8450816500.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6289.048</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5310.7583</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4350.6997</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 14000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8414082000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6333.199</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5147.394</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3943.9294</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 15000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8378841600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6370.7944</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4977.1704</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3532.476</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 16000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8344471000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6404.468</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4803.542</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3120.2087</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 17000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8310785500.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6435.365</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4628.1523</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2709.1445</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 18000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8277482000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6465.5493</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4451.833</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2300.2783</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 19000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8244650000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6494.609</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4274.826</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1894.3738</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 20000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8212349000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6522.8247</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4098.1733</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1491.9915</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 21000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8180598300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6550.6567</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3922.7405</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1093.3868</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 22000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8149257700.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6578.489</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3747.8362</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">698.53357</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 23000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8118325000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6606.1973</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3573.2742</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">307.3541</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 24000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8088001000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6632.96</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3399.878</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-79.89219</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 25000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8058094600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6659.793</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3227.2517</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-463.03156</span> +<span class="nt">8058094600.0</span><span class="na"> 6659.793 3227.2517 -463.03156</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">predictions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> +<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">coefficient1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">constant</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'ro'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Original data'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Fitted line'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Quadratic Regression Result'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span> +</div></code></pre><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/03-regression/3.png"/><h3>Cubic</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">epoch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no_of_epochs</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">optimizer3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Epoch"</span><span class="p">,(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">": Training Cost:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">" a,b,c,d:"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">))</span> + + <span class="n">training_cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="n">coefficient1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">constant</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">training_cost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">constant</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 1000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4279814000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">670.1527</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">694.4212</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">751.4653</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">903.9527</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 2000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3770950400.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">742.6414</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">666.3489</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">636.94525</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">859.2088</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 3000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3717708300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">756.2582</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">569.3339</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">448.105</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">748.23956</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 4000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3667464000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">769.4476</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">474.0318</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">265.5761</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">654.75525</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 5000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3620040700.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">782.32324</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">380.54272</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">89.39888</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">578.5136</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 6000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3575265800.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">794.8898</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">288.83356</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-80.5215</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">519.13654</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 7000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3532972000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">807.1608</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">198.87044</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-244.31102</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">476.2061</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 8000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3493009200.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">819.13513</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">110.64169</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-402.0677</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">449.3291</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 9000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3455228400.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">830.80255</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">24.0964</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-553.92804</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">438.0652</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 10000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3419475500.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">842.21594</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-60.797424</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-700.0123</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">441.983</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 11000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3385625300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">853.3363</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-144.08699</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-840.467</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">460.6356</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 12000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3353544700.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">864.19135</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-225.8125</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-975.4196</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">493.57703</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 13000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3323125000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">874.778</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-305.98932</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1104.9867</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">540.39465</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 14000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3294257000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">885.1007</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-384.63474</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1229.277</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">600.65607</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 15000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3266820000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">895.18823</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-461.819</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1348.4417</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">673.9051</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 16000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3240736000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">905.0128</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-537.541</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1462.6171</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">759.7118</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 17000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3215895000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">914.60065</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-611.8676</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1571.9058</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">857.6638</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 18000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3192216800.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">923.9603</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-684.8093</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1676.4642</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">967.30475</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 19000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3169632300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">933.08594</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-756.3582</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1776.4275</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1088.2198</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 20000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3148046300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">941.9928</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-826.6257</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1871.9355</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1219.9702</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 21000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3127394800.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">950.67896</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-895.6205</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1963.0989</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1362.1665</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 22000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3107608600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">959.1487</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-963.38116</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-2050.0586</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1514.4026</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 23000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3088618200.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">967.4355</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1029.9625</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-2132.961</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1676.2717</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 24000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3070361300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">975.52875</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1095.4292</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-2211.854</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1847.4485</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 25000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3052791300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">983.4346</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-1159.7922</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-2286.9412</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2027.4857</span> +<span class="nt">3052791300.0</span><span class="na"> 983.4346 -1159.7922 -2286.9412 2027.4857</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">predictions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> +<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">coefficient1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient3</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">constant</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'ro'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Original data'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Fitted line'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Cubic Regression Result'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span> +</div></code></pre><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/03-regression/4.png"/><h3>Quartic</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">epoch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no_of_epochs</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">optimizer4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Epoch"</span><span class="p">,(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">": Training Cost:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">" a,b,c,d:"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">))</span> + + <span class="n">training_cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="n">coefficient1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">constant</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">training_cost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coefficient4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">constant</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 1000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1902632600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">84.48304</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">52.210594</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">54.791424</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">142.51952</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">512.0343</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 2000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1854316200.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">88.998955</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">13.073557</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">14.276088</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">223.55667</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1056.4655</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 3000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1812812400.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">92.9462</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-22.331177</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-15.262934</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">327.41858</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1634.9054</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 4000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1775716000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">96.42522</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-54.64535</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-35.829437</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">449.5028</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2239.1392</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 5000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1741494100.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">99.524734</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-84.43976</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-49.181057</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">585.85876</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2862.4915</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 6000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1709199600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">102.31984</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-112.19895</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-56.808075</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">733.1876</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3499.6199</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 7000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1678261800.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">104.87324</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-138.32709</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-59.9442</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">888.79626</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4146.2944</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 8000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1648340600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">107.23536</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-163.15173</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-59.58964</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1050.524</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4798.979</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 9000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1619243400.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">109.44742</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-186.9409</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-56.53944</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1216.6432</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5454.9463</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 10000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1590821900.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">111.54233</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-209.91287</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-51.423084</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1385.8513</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6113.5137</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 11000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1563042200.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">113.54405</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-232.21953</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-44.73371</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1557.1084</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6771.7046</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 12000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1535855600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">115.471565</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-253.9838</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-36.851135</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1729.535</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">7429.069</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 13000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1509255300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">117.33939</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-275.29697</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-28.0714</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1902.5308</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8083.9634</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 14000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1483227000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">119.1605</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-296.2472</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-18.618649</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2075.6094</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8735.381</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 15000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1457726700.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">120.94584</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-316.915</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-8.650095</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2248.3247</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">9384.197</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 16000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1432777300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">122.69806</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-337.30704</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1.7027153</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2420.5771</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">10028.871</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 17000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1408365000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">124.42179</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-357.45245</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">12.33499</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2592.2983</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">10669.157</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 18000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1384480000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">126.12332</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-377.39734</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">23.168756</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2763.0933</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">11305.027</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 19000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1361116800.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">127.80568</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-397.16415</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">34.160156</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2933.0452</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">11935.669</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 20000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1338288100.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">129.4674</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-416.72803</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">45.259155</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3101.7727</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">12561.179</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 21000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1315959700.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">131.11403</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-436.14285</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">56.4436</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3269.3142</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">13182.058</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 22000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1294164700.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">132.74377</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-455.3779</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">67.6757</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3435.3833</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">13796.807</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 23000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1272863600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">134.35779</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-474.45316</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">78.96117</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3600.264</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">14406.58</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 24000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1252052600.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">135.9583</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-493.38254</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">90.268616</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3764.0078</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">15010.481</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 25000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1231713700.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">137.54753</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-512.1876</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">101.59372</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3926.4897</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">15609.368</span> +<span class="nt">1231713700.0</span><span class="na"> 137.54753 -512.1876 101.59372 3926.4897 15609.368</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">predictions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> +<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">coefficient1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient3</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient4</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">constant</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'ro'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Original data'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Fitted line'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Quartic Regression Result'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span> +</div></code></pre><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/03-regression/5.png"/><h3>Quintic</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">epoch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">no_of_epochs</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">):</span> + <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">optimizer5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Epoch"</span><span class="p">,(</span><span class="n">epoch</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">": Training Cost:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cost</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">" a,b,c,d,e,f:"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">))</span> + + <span class="n">training_cost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mse5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">feed_dict</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">})</span> + <span class="n">coefficient1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">coefficient5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">constant</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 1000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1409200100.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">7.949472</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">7.46219</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">55.626034</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">184.29028</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">484.00223</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1024.0083</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 2000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1306882400.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8.732181</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-4.0085897</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">73.25298</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">315.90103</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">904.08887</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2004.9749</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 3000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1212606000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">9.732249</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-16.90125</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">86.28379</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">437.06552</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1305.055</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2966.2188</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 4000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1123640400.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">10.74851</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-29.82692</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">98.59997</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">555.331</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1698.4631</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3917.9155</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 5000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1039694300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">11.75426</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-42.598194</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">110.698326</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">671.64355</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2085.5513</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4860.8535</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 6000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">960663550.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">12.745439</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-55.18337</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">122.644936</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">786.00214</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2466.1638</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5794.3735</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 7000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">886438340.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">13.721028</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-67.57168</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">134.43822</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">898.3691</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2839.9958</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6717.659</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 8000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">816913100.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">14.679965</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-79.75113</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">146.07385</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1008.66895</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3206.6692</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">7629.812</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 9000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">751971500.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">15.62181</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-91.71608</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">157.55713</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1116.7715</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3565.8323</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">8529.976</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 10000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">691508740.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">16.545347</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-103.4531</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">168.88321</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1222.6348</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">3916.9785</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">9416.236</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 11000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">635382000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">17.450052</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-114.954254</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">180.03932</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1326.1565</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4259.842</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">10287.99</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 12000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">583477250.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">18.334944</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-126.20821</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">191.02948</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1427.2095</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4593.8</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">11143.449</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 13000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">535640400.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">19.198917</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-137.20206</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">201.84718</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1525.6926</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">4918.5327</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">11981.633</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 14000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">491722240.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">20.041153</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-147.92719</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">212.49709</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1621.5496</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5233.627</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">12800.468</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 15000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">451559520.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">20.860966</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-158.37456</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">222.97133</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1714.7141</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5538.676</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">13598.337</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 16000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">414988960.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">21.657421</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-168.53406</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">233.27422</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1805.0874</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">5833.1978</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">14373.658</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 17000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">381837920.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">22.429693</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-178.39536</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">243.39914</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1892.5883</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6116.847</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">15124.394</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 18000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">351931300.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">23.176882</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-187.94789</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">253.3445</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">1977.137</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6389.117</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">15848.417</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 19000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">325074400.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">23.898485</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-197.18741</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">263.12512</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2058.6716</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6649.8037</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">16543.95</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 20000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">301073570.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">24.593851</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-206.10497</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">272.72385</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2137.1797</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">6898.544</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">17209.367</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 21000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">279727000.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">25.262104</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-214.69217</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">282.14642</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2212.6372</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">7135.217</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">17842.854</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 22000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">260845550.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">25.903376</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-222.94969</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">291.4003</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2284.9844</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">7359.4644</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">18442.408</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 23000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">244218030.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">26.517094</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-230.8697</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">300.45532</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2354.3003</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">7571.261</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">19007.49</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 24000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">229660080.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">27.102589</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-238.44817</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">309.35342</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2420.4185</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">7770.5728</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">19536.19</span> +<span class="nt">Epoch</span><span class="na"> 25000 </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Training</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">Cost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">216972400.0</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">a,b,c,d,e,f</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">27.660324</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">-245.69016</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">318.10062</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">2483.3608</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">7957.354</span><span class="err"> </span><span class="nc">20027.707</span> +<span class="nt">216972400.0</span><span class="na"> 27.660324 -245.69016 318.10062 2483.3608 7957.354 20027.707</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">predictions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> +<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">coefficient1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient2</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient3</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient4</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">coefficient5</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">constant</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ordinate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'ro'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Original data'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">abscissa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">predictions</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Fitted line'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Quintic Regression Result'</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span> +</div></code></pre><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/03-regression/6.png"/><h2>Results and Conclusion</h2><p>You just learnt Polynomial Regression using TensorFlow!</p><h2>Notes</h2><h3>Overfitting</h3><blockquote><p>> Overfitting refers to a model that models the training data too well.Overfitting happens when a model learns the detail and noise in the training data to the extent that it negatively impacts the performance of the model on new data. This means that the noise or random fluctuations in the training data is picked up and learned as concepts by the model. The problem is that these concepts do not apply to new data and negatively impact the models ability to generalise.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>Source: Machine Learning Mastery</p></blockquote><p>Basically if you train your machine learning model on a small dataset for a really large number of epochs, the model will learn all the deformities/noise in the data and will actually think that it is a normal part. Therefore when it will see some new data, it will discard that new data as noise and will impact the accuracy of the model in a negative manner</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-10-TensorFlow-Model-Prediction</guid><title>Making Predictions using Image Classifier (TensorFlow)</title><description>Making predictions for image classification models built using TensorFlow</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-10-TensorFlow-Model-Prediction</link><pubDate>Tue, 10 Dec 2019 11:10:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Making Predictions using Image Classifier (TensorFlow)</h1><p><em>This was tested on TF 2.x and works as of 2019-12-10</em></p><p>If you want to understand how to make your own custom image classifier, please refer to my previous post.</p><p>If you followed my last post, then you created a model which took an image of dimensions 50x50 as an input.</p><p>First we import the following if we have not imported these before</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cv2</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> +</div></code></pre><p>Then we read the file using OpenCV.</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">image</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">cv2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">imagePath</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p>The cv2. imread() function returns a NumPy array representing the image. Therefore, we need to convert it before we can use it.</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">image_from_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'RGB'</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p>Then we resize the image</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">size_image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image_from_array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">))</span> +</div></code></pre><p>After this we create a batch consisting of only one image</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expand_dims</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size_image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p>We then convert this uint8 datatype to a float32 datatype</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float32</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><p>Finally we make the prediction</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">'Infected'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'Uninfected'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argmax</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">predict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">))])</span> +</div></code></pre><p><code>Infected</code></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-08-Image-Classifier-Tensorflow</guid><title>Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Tensorflow 2.x and Keras for Detecting Malaria</title><description>Tutorial on creating an image classifier model using TensorFlow which detects malaria</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-08-Image-Classifier-Tensorflow</link><pubDate>Sun, 8 Dec 2019 14:16:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Tensorflow 2.x and Keras for Detecting Malaria</h1><p><strong>Done during Google Code-In. Org: Tensorflow.</strong></p><h2>Imports</h2><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">tensorflow_version</span> <span class="mf">2.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="c1">#This is for telling Colab that you want to use TF 2.0, ignore if running on local machine</span> + +<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">PIL</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Image</span> <span class="c1"># We use the PIL Library to resize images</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cv2</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tensorflow</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tf</span> +<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tensorflow.keras</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datasets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">layers</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">models</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pandas</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">pd</span> +<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span> +<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">keras.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Sequential</span> +<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">keras.layers</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">MaxPooling2D</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Flatten</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Dropout</span> +</div></code></pre><h2>Dataset</h2><h3>Fetching the Data</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="err">!</span><span class="n">wget</span> <span class="n">ftp</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">lhcftp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nlm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nih</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gov</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Open</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Access</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Datasets</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Malaria</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cell_images</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zip</span> +<span class="err">!</span><span class="n">unzip</span> <span class="n">cell_images</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zip</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Processing the Data</h3><p>We resize all the images as 50x50 and add the numpy array of that image as well as their label names (Infected or Not) to common arrays.</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> +<span class="n">labels</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> + +<span class="n">Parasitized</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./cell_images/Parasitized/"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">parasite</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Parasitized</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">cv2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./cell_images/Parasitized/"</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">parasite</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">image_from_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'RGB'</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">size_image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image_from_array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">))</span> + <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size_image</span><span class="p">))</span> + <span class="n">labels</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span> + +<span class="n">Uninfected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./cell_images/Uninfected/"</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">uninfect</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Uninfected</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">cv2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./cell_images/Uninfected/"</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">uninfect</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">image_from_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'RGB'</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="n">size_image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image_from_array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">))</span> + <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size_image</span><span class="p">))</span> + <span class="n">labels</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> + <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">:</span> + <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Splitting Data</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="n">labels</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">)</span> +<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">X_test</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">)):],</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[:(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">))]</span> +<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y_train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_test</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">)):],</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">[:(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">))]</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nv">s</span><span class="o">=</span>np.arange<span class="o">(</span>X_train.shape<span class="o">[</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="o">])</span> +np.random.shuffle<span class="o">(</span>s<span class="o">)</span> +<span class="nv">X_train</span><span class="o">=</span>X_train<span class="o">[</span>s<span class="o">]</span> +<span class="nv">y_train</span><span class="o">=</span>y_train<span class="o">[</span>s<span class="o">]</span> +<span class="nv">X_train</span> <span class="o">=</span> X_train/255.0 +</div></code></pre><h2>Model</h2><h3>Creating Model</h3><p>By creating a sequential model, we create a linear stack of layers.</p><p><em>Note: The input shape for the first layer is 50,50 which corresponds with the sizes of the resized images</em></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Sequential</span><span class="p">()</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'same'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'relu'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input_shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)))</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MaxPooling2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pool_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">padding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'same'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'relu'</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MaxPooling2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pool_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">padding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"same"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"relu"</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MaxPooling2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pool_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dropout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Flatten</span><span class="p">())</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"relu"</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dropout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">))</span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"softmax"</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="c1">#2 represent output layer neurons </span> +<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">summary</span><span class="p">()</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Compiling Model</h3><p>We use the Adam optimiser as it is an adaptive learning rate optimisation algorithm that's been designed specifically for <em>training</em> deep neural networks, which means it changes its learning rate automatically to get the best results</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"adam"</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="n">loss</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"sparse_categorical_crossentropy"</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="n">metrics</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"accuracy"</span><span class="p">])</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Training Model</h3><p>We train the model for 10 epochs on the training data and then validate it using the testing data</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">history</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_train</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y_train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">epochs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">validation_data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_test</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y_test</span><span class="p">))</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">Train</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="n">samples</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">validate</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="mi">2755</span> <span class="n">samples</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">57</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0786</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9729</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0746</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9731</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0290</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9996</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0672</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9764</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0601</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9789</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0558</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9804</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">57</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0513</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9819</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0452</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9849</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.3190</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9985</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0404</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9858</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0352</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9878</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span> +<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> +<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0373</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9865</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span> +</div></code></pre><h3>Results</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">accuracy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">history</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'accuracy'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">100</span> +<span class="n">loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">history</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'loss'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">100</span> +<span class="n">val_accuracy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">history</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'val_accuracy'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">100</span> +<span class="n">val_loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">history</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'val_loss'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">100</span> + +<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> + <span class="s1">'Accuracy:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">Loss:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">Validation Accuracy:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">,</span> + <span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">Validation Loss:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span> +<span class="p">)</span> +</div></code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">Accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">98.64532351493835</span> +<span class="n">Loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">3.732407123270176</span> +<span class="n">Validation</span> <span class="n">Accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">100.0</span> +<span class="n">Validation</span> <span class="n">Loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0</span> +</div></code></pre><p>We have achieved 98% Accuracy!</p><p><a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1ZswDsxLwYZEnev89MzlL5Lwt6ut7iwp- "Colab Notebook"">Link to Colab Notebook</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-08-Splitting-Zips</guid><title>Splitting ZIPs into Multiple Parts</title><description>Short code snippet for splitting zips.</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-08-Splitting-Zips</link><pubDate>Sun, 8 Dec 2019 13:27:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Splitting ZIPs into Multiple Parts</h1><p><strong>Tested on macOS</strong></p><p>Creating the archive:</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">zip</span><span class="na"> -r -s 5 oodlesofnoodles.zip website/</span> +</div></code></pre><p>5 stands for each split files' size (in mb, kb and gb can also be specified)</p><p>For encrypting the zip:</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">zip</span><span class="na"> -er -s 5 oodlesofnoodles.zip website</span> +</div></code></pre><p>Extracting Files</p><p>First we need to collect all parts, then</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">zip</span><span class="na"> -F oodlesofnoodles.zip --out merged.zip</span> +</div></code></pre>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-04-Google-Teachable-Machines</guid><title>Image Classifier With Teachable Machines</title><description>Tutorial on creating a custom image classifier quickly with Google Teachable Machines</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-04-Google-Teachable-Machines</link><pubDate>Wed, 4 Dec 2019 18:23:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Image Classifier With Teachable Machines</h1><p>Made for Google Code-In</p><p><strong>Task Description</strong></p><p>Using Glitch and the Teachable Machines, build a Book Detector with Tensorflow.js. When a book is recognized, the code would randomly suggest a book/tell a famous quote from a book. Here is an example Project to get you started: https://glitch.com/~voltaic-acorn</p><h3>Details</h3><ol><li>Collecting Data</li></ol><p>Teachable Machine allows you to create your dataset just by using your webcam! I created a database consisting of three classes ( Three Books ) and approximately grabbed 100 pictures for each book/class</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/01-collect.png"/><ol start="2"><li>Training</li></ol><p>Training on teachable machines is as simple as clicking the train button. I did not even have to modify any configurations.</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/02-train.png"/><ol start="3"><li>Finding Labels</li></ol><p>Because I originally entered the entire name of the book and it's author's name as the label, the class name got truncated (Note to self, use shorter class names :p ). I then modified the code to print the modified label names in an alert box.</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/03-label.png"/><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/04-alert.png"/><ol start="4"><li>Adding a suggestions function</li></ol><p>I first added a text field on the main page and then modified the JavaScript file to suggest a similar book whenever the model predicted with an accuracy >= 98%</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/05-html.png"/><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/06-js.png"/><ol start="5"><li>Running!</li></ol><p>Here it is running!</p><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/07-eg.png"/><img src="https://navanchauhan.github.io//assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/08-eg.png"/><p>Remix this project:-</p><p>https://luminous-opinion.glitch.me</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/publications/2019-05-14-Detecting-Driver-Fatigue-Over-Speeding-and-Speeding-up-Post-Accident-Response</guid><title>Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response</title><description>This paper is about Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response.</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/publications/2019-05-14-Detecting-Driver-Fatigue-Over-Speeding-and-Speeding-up-Post-Accident-Response</link><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2019 02:42:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response</h1><blockquote><p>Based on the project showcased at Toyota Hackathon, IITD - 17/18th December 2018</p></blockquote><p>Edit: It seems like I haven't mentioned Adrian Rosebrock of PyImageSearch anywhere. I apologize for this mistake.</p><p><a href="https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i5/IRJET-V6I5318.pdf">Download paper here</a></p><p>Recommended citation:</p><h3>ATP</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>Chauhan, N. <span class="o">(</span><span class="m">2019</span><span class="o">)</span>. <span class="p">&</span>quot<span class="p">;</span>Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response.<span class="p">&</span>quot<span class="p">;</span> <i>International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology <span class="o">(</span>IRJET<span class="o">)</span>, <span class="m">6</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="o">)</span></i>. +</div></code></pre><h3>BibTeX</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span>@article<span class="o">{</span>chauhan_2019, <span class="nv">title</span><span class="o">={</span>Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response<span class="o">}</span>, <span class="nv">volume</span><span class="o">={</span><span class="m">6</span><span class="o">}</span>, <span class="nv">url</span><span class="o">={</span>https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i5/IRJET-V6I5318.pdf<span class="o">}</span>, <span class="nv">number</span><span class="o">={</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="o">}</span>, <span class="nv">journal</span><span class="o">={</span>International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology <span class="o">(</span>IRJET<span class="o">)}</span>, <span class="nv">author</span><span class="o">={</span>Chauhan, Navan<span class="o">}</span>, <span class="nv">year</span><span class="o">={</span><span class="m">2019</span><span class="o">}}</span> +</div></code></pre>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-05-05-Custom-Snowboard-Anemone-Theme</guid><title>Creating your own custom theme for Snowboard or Anemone</title><description>Tutorial on creating your own custom theme for Snowboard or Anemone</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-05-05-Custom-Snowboard-Anemone-Theme</link><pubDate>Sun, 5 May 2019 12:34:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded>< + +would result in + + + +### Packaging + +* Create a new folder outside `themeName.theme` with the name you want to be shown on Cydia, e.g `themeNameForCydia` +* Create another folder called `DEBIAN` in `themeNameForCydia` (It needs to be uppercase) +* In `DEBIAN` create an extension-less file called `control` and edit it using your favourite text editor + +Paste the following in it, replacing `yourname`, `themename`, `Theme Name`, `A theme with beautiful icons!` and `Your Name` with your details: + +``` +Package: com.yourname.themename +Name: Theme Name +Version: 1.0 +Architecture: iphoneos-arm +Description: A theme with beautiful icons! +Author: Your Name +Maintainer: Your Name +Section: Themes +``` + +* Important Notes: + * The package field **MUST** be lower case! + * The version field **MUST** be changed every-time you update your theme! + * The control file **MUST** have an extra blank line at the bottom! + +* Now, Create another folder called `Library` in `themeNameForCydia` +* In `Library` create another folder called `Themes` +* Finally, copy `themeName.theme` to the `Themes` folder (**Copy the entire folder, not just the contents**) + +### Building the DEB + +**For building the deb you need a `*nix` system, otherwise you can build it using your iPhones** + +##### Pre-Requisite for MacOS users +1) Install Homenbrew `/usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"` (Run this in the terminal) +2) Install dpkg, by running `brew install dpkg` + +**There is a terrible thing called .DS_Store which if not removed, will cause a problem during either build or installation** + +* To remove this we first need to open the folder in the terminal + +* Launch the Terminal and then drag-and-drop the 'themeNameForCydia' folder on the Terminal icon in the dock +* Now, run `find . -name "*.DS_Store" -type f -delete` + +##### Pre-Requisite for Windows Users +* SSH into your iPhone and drag and drop the `themeNameForCyia` folder on the terminal + +##### Common Instructions + +* You should be at the root of the folder in the terminal, i.e Inside `themeNameForCydia` +* running `ls` should show the following output + +``` +DEBIAN Library +``` + +* Now, in the terminal enter the following `cd .. && dpkg -b themeNameForCydia ` + +**Now you will have the `themeNameForCydia.deb` in the same directory** + +You can share this with your friends :+1: +</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/hello-world</guid><title>Hello World</title><description>My first post.</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/hello-world</link><pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2019 17:39:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Hello World</h1><p><strong>Why a Hello World post?</strong></p><p>Just re-did the entire website using Publish (Publish by John Sundell). So, a new hello world post :)</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><guid isPermaLink="true">https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2010-01-24-experiments</guid><title>Experiments</title><description>Just a markdown file for all experiments related to the website</description><link>https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2010-01-24-experiments</link><pubDate>Sun, 24 Jan 2010 23:43:00 +0530</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Experiments</h1><p>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s.cdpn.io/148866/img-original.jpg</p><iframe frameborder="0" class="juxtapose" width="100%" height="675" src="https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=c600ff8c-3edc-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27"></iframe>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
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