From 7f8d36c9a5fea6403e1f5a631cbd4df87b03bbf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Navan Chauhan Date: Fri, 7 Feb 2020 19:34:03 +0530 Subject: Publish deploy 2020-02-07 19:34 --- assets/compare.css | 165 --------- assets/compare.js | 79 ----- .../gciTales/01-teachableMachines/01-collect.png | Bin 2586730 -> 3148125 bytes assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/02-train.png | Bin 1370458 -> 1673773 bytes assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/03-label.png | Bin 100821 -> 134577 bytes assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/04-alert.png | Bin 30595 -> 45710 bytes assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/05-html.png | Bin 15062 -> 15084 bytes assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/06-js.png | Bin 84922 -> 117349 bytes assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/07-eg.png | Bin 557325 -> 787109 bytes assets/gciTales/01-teachableMachines/08-eg.png | Bin 602527 -> 832865 bytes assets/gciTales/03-regression/1.png | Bin 18561 -> 39478 bytes assets/gciTales/03-regression/2.png | Bin 54937 -> 67134 bytes 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100644 tags/codesnippet/index 2.html create mode 100644 tags/colab/index 4.html create mode 100644 tags/experiment/index 2.html create mode 100644 tags/helloworld/index 4.html create mode 100644 tags/kaggle/index 4.html create mode 100644 tags/linux/index 4.html create mode 100644 tags/publication/index 4.html create mode 100644 tags/raspberrypi/index 2.html create mode 100644 tags/swiftui/index 2.html create mode 100644 tags/tensorflow/index 4.html create mode 100644 tags/turicreate/index 2.html create mode 100644 tags/tutorial/index 4.html diff --git a/assets/compare.css b/assets/compare.css deleted file mode 100644 index fcc509b..0000000 --- a/assets/compare.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,165 +0,0 @@ -/* -------------------------------- - -Primary style - --------------------------------- */ -*, *:after, *:before { - -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; - -moz-box-sizing: border-box; - box-sizing: border-box; -} - - - -img { - max-width: 100%; -} - -/* -------------------------------- - -Main components - --------------------------------- */ - -.cd-image-container { - position: relative; - width: 90%; - max-width: 768px; - margin: 2em auto; -} -.cd-image-container img { - display: block; -} -@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { - .cd-image-container { - margin: 4em auto; - } -} - -.cd-image-label { - position: absolute; - bottom: 0; - right: 0; - color: #ffffff; - padding: 1em; - opacity: 0; - -webkit-transform: translateY(20px); - -moz-transform: translateY(20px); - -ms-transform: translateY(20px); - -o-transform: translateY(20px); - transform: translateY(20px); - -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.3s 0.7s, opacity 0.3s 0.7s; - -moz-transition: -moz-transform 0.3s 0.7s, opacity 0.3s 0.7s; - transition: transform 0.3s 0.7s, opacity 0.3s 0.7s; -} -.cd-image-label.is-hidden { - visibility: hidden; -} -.is-visible .cd-image-label { - opacity: 1; - -webkit-transform: translateY(0); - -moz-transform: translateY(0); - -ms-transform: translateY(0); - -o-transform: translateY(0); - transform: translateY(0); -} - -.cd-resize-img { - position: absolute; - top: 0; - left: 0; - width: 0; - height: 100%; - overflow: hidden; - background: url("https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s.cdpn.io/148866/img-modified.jpg") no-repeat left top; - background-size: auto 100%; - /* Force Hardware Acceleration in WebKit */ - -webkit-transform: translateZ(0); - -moz-transform: translateZ(0); - -ms-transform: translateZ(0); - -o-transform: translateZ(0); - transform: translateZ(0); - -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; - backface-visibility: hidden; -} -.cd-resize-img .cd-image-label { - right: auto; - left: 0; -} -.is-visible .cd-resize-img { - width: 50%; - /* bounce in animation of the modified image */ - -webkit-animation: cd-bounce-in 0.7s; - -moz-animation: cd-bounce-in 0.7s; - animation: cd-bounce-in 0.7s; -} - -@-webkit-keyframes cd-bounce-in { - 0% { - width: 0; - } - 60% { - width: 55%; - } - 100% { - width: 50%; - } -} -@-moz-keyframes cd-bounce-in { - 0% { - width: 0; - } - 60% { - width: 55%; - } - 100% { - width: 50%; - } -} -@keyframes cd-bounce-in { - 0% { - width: 0; - } - 60% { - width: 55%; - } - 100% { - width: 50%; - } -} -.cd-handle { - position: absolute; - height: 44px; - width: 44px; - /* center the element */ - left: 50%; - top: 50%; - margin-left: -22px; - margin-top: -22px; - border-radius: 50%; - background: #dc717d url("https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s.cdpn.io/148866/cd-arrows.svg") no-repeat center center; - cursor: move; - box-shadow: 0 0 0 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3); - opacity: 0; - -webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(0); - -moz-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(0); - -ms-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(0); - -o-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(0); - transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(0); -} -.cd-handle.draggable { - /* change background color when element is active */ - background-color: #445b7c; -} -.is-visible .cd-handle { - opacity: 1; - -webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(1); - -moz-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(1); - -ms-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(1); - -o-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(1); - transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0) scale(1); - -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.3s 0.7s, opacity 0s 0.7s; - -moz-transition: -moz-transform 0.3s 0.7s, opacity 0s 0.7s; - transition: transform 0.3s 0.7s, opacity 0s 0.7s; -} - diff --git a/assets/compare.js b/assets/compare.js deleted file mode 100644 index 2d0d3e5..0000000 --- a/assets/compare.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,79 +0,0 @@ -jQuery(document).ready(function($){ - //check if the .cd-image-container is in the viewport - //if yes, animate it - checkPosition($('.cd-image-container')); - $(window).on('scroll', function(){ - checkPosition($('.cd-image-container')); - }); - - //make the .cd-handle element draggable and modify .cd-resize-img width according to its position - drags($('.cd-handle'), $('.cd-resize-img'), $('.cd-image-container'), $('.cd-image-label[data-type="original"]'), $('.cd-image-label[data-type="modified"]')); - - //upadate images label visibility - $(window).on('resize', function(){ - updateLabel($('.cd-image-label[data-type="modified"]'), $('.cd-resize-img'), 'left'); - updateLabel($('.cd-image-label[data-type="original"]'), $('.cd-resize-img'), 'right'); - }); -}); - -function checkPosition(container) { - if( $(window).scrollTop() + $(window).height()*0.5 > container.offset().top) { - container.addClass('is-visible'); - //you can uncomment the following line if you don't have other events to bind to the window scroll - // $(window).off('scroll'); - } -} - -//draggable funtionality - credits to https://css-tricks.com/snippets/jquery/draggable-without-jquery-ui/ -function drags(dragElement, resizeElement, container, labelContainer, labelResizeElement) { - dragElement.on("mousedown vmousedown", function(e) { - dragElement.addClass('draggable'); - resizeElement.addClass('resizable'); - - var dragWidth = dragElement.outerWidth(), - xPosition = dragElement.offset().left + dragWidth - e.pageX, - containerOffset = container.offset().left, - containerWidth = container.outerWidth(), - minLeft = containerOffset + 10, - maxLeft = containerOffset + containerWidth - dragWidth - 10; - - dragElement.parents().on("mousemove vmousemove", function(e) { - leftValue = e.pageX + xPosition - dragWidth; - - //constrain the draggable element to move inside his container - if(leftValue < minLeft ) { - leftValue = minLeft; - } else if ( leftValue > maxLeft) { - leftValue = maxLeft; - } - - widthValue = (leftValue + dragWidth/2 - containerOffset)*100/containerWidth+'%'; - - $('.draggable').css('left', widthValue).on("mouseup vmouseup", function() { - $(this).removeClass('draggable'); - resizeElement.removeClass('resizable'); - }); - - $('.resizable').css('width', widthValue); - - updateLabel(labelResizeElement, resizeElement, 'left'); - 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e=0;eHi! | Navan Chauhan
Navan Chauhan

Hi!

Welcome to my personal fragment of the internet.

Latest content

\ No newline at end of file +Hi! | Navan Chauhan
Navan Chauhan

Hi!

Welcome to my personal fragment of the internet.

Latest content

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/posts/2010-01-24-experiments/index 4.html b/posts/2010-01-24-experiments/index 4.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1afb81b --- /dev/null +++ b/posts/2010-01-24-experiments/index 4.html @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Experiments | Navan Chauhan
Navan Chauhan
0 minute readCreated on January 24, 2010Last modified on February 4, 2020

Experiments

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s.cdpn.io/148866/img-original.jpg

Tagged with:
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/posts/2019-12-08-Image-Classifier-Tensorflow/index 4.html b/posts/2019-12-08-Image-Classifier-Tensorflow/index 4.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0507f4f --- /dev/null +++ b/posts/2019-12-08-Image-Classifier-Tensorflow/index 4.html @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Tensorflow 2.x and Keras for Detecting Malaria | Navan Chauhan
Navan Chauhan
4 minute readCreated on December 8, 2019Last modified on January 18, 2020

Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Tensorflow 2.x and Keras for Detecting Malaria

Done during Google Code-In. Org: Tensorflow.

Imports

%tensorflow_version 2.x #This is for telling Colab that you want to use TF 2.0, ignore if running on local machine
+
+from PIL import Image # We use the PIL Library to resize images
+import numpy as np
+import os
+import cv2
+import tensorflow as tf
+from tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, models
+import pandas as pd
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from keras.models import Sequential
+from keras.layers import Conv2D,MaxPooling2D,Dense,Flatten,Dropout
+

+
+

Dataset

Fetching the Data

!wget ftp://lhcftp.nlm.nih.gov/Open-Access-Datasets/Malaria/cell_images.zip
+!unzip cell_images.zip
+

+
+

Processing the Data

We resize all the images as 50x50 and add the numpy array of that image as well as their label names (Infected or Not) to common arrays.

data = []
+labels = []
+
+Parasitized = os.listdir("./cell_images/Parasitized/")
+for parasite in Parasitized:
+    try:
+        image=cv2.imread("./cell_images/Parasitized/"+parasite)
+        image_from_array = Image.fromarray(image, 'RGB')
+        size_image = image_from_array.resize((50, 50))
+        data.append(np.array(size_image))
+        labels.append(0)
+    except AttributeError:
+        print("")
+
+Uninfected = os.listdir("./cell_images/Uninfected/")
+for uninfect in Uninfected:
+    try:
+        image=cv2.imread("./cell_images/Uninfected/"+uninfect)
+        image_from_array = Image.fromarray(image, 'RGB')
+        size_image = image_from_array.resize((50, 50))
+        data.append(np.array(size_image))
+        labels.append(1)
+    except AttributeError:
+        print("")
+

+
+

Splitting Data

df = np.array(data)
+labels = np.array(labels)
+(X_train, X_test) = df[(int)(0.1*len(df)):],df[:(int)(0.1*len(df))]
+(y_train, y_test) = labels[(int)(0.1*len(labels)):],labels[:(int)(0.1*len(labels))]
+

+
+
s=np.arange(X_train.shape[0])
+np.random.shuffle(s)
+X_train=X_train[s]
+y_train=y_train[s]
+X_train = X_train/255.0
+

+
+

Model

Creating Model

By creating a sequential model, we create a linear stack of layers.

Note: The input shape for the first layer is 50,50 which corresponds with the sizes of the resized images

model = models.Sequential()
+model.add(layers.Conv2D(filters=16, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(50,50,3)))
+model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
+model.add(layers.Conv2D(filters=32,kernel_size=2,padding='same',activation='relu'))
+model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
+model.add(layers.Conv2D(filters=64,kernel_size=2,padding="same",activation="relu"))
+model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
+model.add(layers.Dropout(0.2))
+model.add(layers.Flatten())
+model.add(layers.Dense(500,activation="relu"))
+model.add(layers.Dropout(0.2))
+model.add(layers.Dense(2,activation="softmax"))#2 represent output layer neurons 
+model.summary()
+

+
+

Compiling Model

We use the adam optimiser as it is an adaptive learning rate optimization algorithm that's been designed specifically for training deep neural networks, which means it changes its learning rate automaticaly to get the best results

model.compile(optimizer="adam",
+              loss="sparse_categorical_crossentropy", 
+             metrics=["accuracy"])
+

+
+

Training Model

We train the model for 10 epochs on the training data and then validate it using the testing data

history = model.fit(X_train,y_train, epochs=10, validation_data=(X_test,y_test))
+

+
+
Train on 24803 samples, validate on 2755 samples
+Epoch 1/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 57s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0786 - accuracy: 0.9729 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
+Epoch 2/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0746 - accuracy: 0.9731 - val_loss: 0.0290 - val_accuracy: 0.9996
+Epoch 3/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0672 - accuracy: 0.9764 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
+Epoch 4/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0601 - accuracy: 0.9789 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
+Epoch 5/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0558 - accuracy: 0.9804 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
+Epoch 6/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 57s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0513 - accuracy: 0.9819 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
+Epoch 7/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0452 - accuracy: 0.9849 - val_loss: 0.3190 - val_accuracy: 0.9985
+Epoch 8/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0404 - accuracy: 0.9858 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
+Epoch 9/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0352 - accuracy: 0.9878 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
+Epoch 10/10
+24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0373 - accuracy: 0.9865 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
+

+
+

Results

accuracy = history.history['accuracy'][-1]*100
+loss = history.history['loss'][-1]*100
+val_accuracy = history.history['val_accuracy'][-1]*100
+val_loss = history.history['val_loss'][-1]*100
+
+print(
+    'Accuracy:', accuracy,
+    '\nLoss:', loss,
+    '\nValidation Accuracy:', val_accuracy,
+    '\nValidation Loss:', val_loss
+)
+

+
+
Accuracy: 98.64532351493835 
+Loss: 3.732407123270176 
+Validation Accuracy: 100.0 
+Validation Loss: 0.0
+

+
+

We have achieved 98% Accuracy!

Link to Colab Notebook

Tagged with:
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/posts/2019-12-08-Splitting-Zips/index 4.html b/posts/2019-12-08-Splitting-Zips/index 4.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..516cf6b --- /dev/null +++ b/posts/2019-12-08-Splitting-Zips/index 4.html @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Splitting ZIPs into Multiple Parts | Navan Chauhan
Navan Chauhan
0 minute readCreated on December 8, 2019Last modified on January 18, 2020

Splitting ZIPs into Multiple Parts

Tested on macOS

Creating the archive:

zip -r -s 5 oodlesofnoodles.zip website/
+

+
+

5 stands for each split files' size (in mb, kb and gb can also be specified)

For encrypting the zip:

zip -er -s 5 oodlesofnoodles.zip website
+

+
+

Extracting Files

First we need to collect all parts, then

zip -F oodlesofnoodles.zip --out merged.zip
+

+
+
Tagged with:
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/posts/2019-12-10-TensorFlow-Model-Prediction/index 4.html b/posts/2019-12-10-TensorFlow-Model-Prediction/index 4.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ebd6f4a --- /dev/null +++ b/posts/2019-12-10-TensorFlow-Model-Prediction/index 4.html @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Making Predictions using Image Classifier (TensorFlow) | Navan Chauhan
Navan Chauhan
1 minute readCreated on December 10, 2019Last modified on January 18, 2020

Making Predictions using Image Classifier (TensorFlow)

This was tested on TF 2.x and works as of 2019-12-10

If you want to understand how to make your own custom image classifier, please refer to my previous post.

If you followed my last post, then you created a model which took an image of dimensions 50x50 as an input.

First we import the following if we have not imported these before

import cv2
+import os
+

+
+

Then we read the file using OpenCV.

image=cv2.imread(imagePath)
+

+
+

The cv2. imread() function returns a NumPy array representing the image. Therefore, we need to convert it before we can use it.

image_from_array = Image.fromarray(image, 'RGB')
+

+
+

Then we resize the image

size_image = image_from_array.resize((50,50))
+

+
+

After this we create a batch consisting of only one image

p = np.expand_dims(size_image, 0)
+

+
+

We then convert this uint8 datatype to a float32 datatype

img = tf.cast(p, tf.float32)
+

+
+

Finally we make the prediction

print(['Infected','Uninfected'][np.argmax(model.predict(img))])
+

+
+

Infected

Tagged with:
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/posts/2019-12-16-TensorFlow-Polynomial-Regression/index 4.html b/posts/2019-12-16-TensorFlow-Polynomial-Regression/index 4.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07fa95a --- /dev/null +++ b/posts/2019-12-16-TensorFlow-Polynomial-Regression/index 4.html @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ +Polynomial Regression Using TensorFlow | Navan Chauhan
Navan Chauhan
16 minute readCreated on December 16, 2019Last modified on January 18, 2020

Polynomial Regression Using TensorFlow

In this tutorial you will learn about polynomial regression and how you can implement it in Tensorflow.

In this, we will be performing polynomial regression using 5 types of equations -

  • Linear
  • Quadratic
  • Cubic
  • Quartic
  • Quintic

Regression

What is Regression?

Regression is a statistical measurement that is used to try to determine the relationship between a dependent variable (often denoted by Y), and series of varying variables (called independent variables, often denoted by X ).

What is Polynomial Regression

This is a form of Regression Analysis where the relationship between Y and X is denoted as the nth degree/power of X. Polynomial regression even fits a non-linear relationship (e.g when the points don't form a straight line).

Imports

import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
+tf.disable_v2_behavior()
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+

+
+

Dataset

Creating Random Data

Even though in this tutorial we will use a Position Vs Salary datasset, it is important to know how to create synthetic data

To create 50 values spaced evenly between 0 and 50, we use NumPy's linspace funtion

linspace(lower_limit, upper_limit, no_of_observations)

x = np.linspace(0, 50, 50)
+y = np.linspace(0, 50, 50)
+

+
+

We use the following function to add noise to the data, so that our values

x += np.random.uniform(-4, 4, 50)
+y += np.random.uniform(-4, 4, 50)
+

+
+

Position vs Salary Dataset

We will be using https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tNL4jxZEfpaP4oflfSn6pIHJX7Pachm9/view (Salary vs Position Dataset)

!wget --no-check-certificate 'https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=1tNL4jxZEfpaP4oflfSn6pIHJX7Pachm9' -O data.csv
+

+
+
df = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
+

+
+
df # this gives us a preview of the dataset we are working with
+

+
+
| Position          | Level | Salary  |
+|-------------------|-------|---------|
+| Business Analyst  | 1     | 45000   |
+| Junior Consultant | 2     | 50000   |
+| Senior Consultant | 3     | 60000   |
+| Manager           | 4     | 80000   |
+| Country Manager   | 5     | 110000  |
+| Region Manager    | 6     | 150000  |
+| Partner           | 7     | 200000  |
+| Senior Partner    | 8     | 300000  |
+| C-level           | 9     | 500000  |
+| CEO               | 10    | 1000000 |
+

+
+

We convert the salary column as the ordinate (y-cordinate) and level column as the abscissa

abscissa = df["Level"].to_list() # abscissa = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
+ordinate = df["Salary"].to_list() # ordinate = [45000,50000,60000,80000,110000,150000,200000,300000,500000,1000000]
+

+
+
n = len(abscissa) # no of observations
+plt.scatter(abscissa, ordinate)
+plt.ylabel('Salary')
+plt.xlabel('Position')
+plt.title("Salary vs Position")
+plt.show()
+

+
+

Defining Stuff

X = tf.placeholder("float")
+Y = tf.placeholder("float")
+

+
+

Defining Variables

We first define all the coefficients and constant as tensorflow variables haveing a random intitial value

a = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "a")
+b = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "b")
+c = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "c")
+d = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "d")
+e = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "e")
+f = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "f")
+

+
+

Model Configuration

learning_rate = 0.2
+no_of_epochs = 25000
+

+
+

Equations

deg1 = a*X + b
+deg2 = a*tf.pow(X,2) + b*X + c
+deg3 = a*tf.pow(X,3) + b*tf.pow(X,2) + c*X + d
+deg4 = a*tf.pow(X,4) + b*tf.pow(X,3) + c*tf.pow(X,2) + d*X + e
+deg5 = a*tf.pow(X,5) + b*tf.pow(X,4) + c*tf.pow(X,3) + d*tf.pow(X,2) + e*X + f
+

+
+

Cost Function

We use the Mean Squared Error Function

mse1 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg1-Y,2))/(2*n)
+mse2 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg2-Y,2))/(2*n)
+mse3 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg3-Y,2))/(2*n)
+mse4 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg4-Y,2))/(2*n)
+mse5 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg5-Y,2))/(2*n)
+

+
+

Optimizer

We use the AdamOptimizer for the polynomial functions and GradientDescentOptimizer for the linear function

optimizer1 = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse1)
+optimizer2 = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse2)
+optimizer3 = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse3)
+optimizer4 = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse4)
+optimizer5 = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse5)
+

+
+
init=tf.global_variables_initializer()
+

+
+

Model Predictions

For each type of equation first we make the model predict the values of the coefficient(s) and constant, once we get these values we use it to predict the Y values using the X values. We then plot it to compare the actual data and predicted line.

Linear Equation

with tf.Session() as sess:
+    sess.run(init)
+    for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
+      for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
+        sess.run(optimizer1, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
+      if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
+        cost = sess.run(mse1,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b))
+
+        training_cost = sess.run(mse1,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
+        constant = sess.run(b)
+
+print(training_cost, coefficient1, constant)
+

+
+
Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 5000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 6000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 7000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 8000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 9000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 10000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 11000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 12000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 13000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 14000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 15000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 16000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 17000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 18000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 19000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 20000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 21000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 22000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 23000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+88999125000.0 180396.42 -478869.12
+

+
+
predictions = []
+for x in abscissa:
+  predictions.append((coefficient1*x + constant))
+plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
+plt.plot(abscissa, predictions, label ='Fitted line')
+plt.title('Linear Regression Result')
+plt.legend()
+plt.show()
+

+
+

Quadratic Equation

with tf.Session() as sess:
+    sess.run(init)
+    for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
+      for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
+        sess.run(optimizer2, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
+      if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
+        cost = sess.run(mse2,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c))
+
+        training_cost = sess.run(mse2,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
+        coefficient2 = sess.run(b)
+        constant = sess.run(c)
+
+print(training_cost, coefficient1, coefficient2, constant)
+

+
+
Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 52571360000.0  a,b,c: 1002.4456 1097.0197 1276.6921
+Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 37798890000.0  a,b,c: 1952.4263 2130.2825 2469.7756
+Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 26751185000.0  a,b,c: 2839.5825 3081.6118 3554.351
+Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 19020106000.0  a,b,c: 3644.56 3922.9563 4486.3135
+Epoch 5000 : Training Cost: 14060446000.0  a,b,c: 4345.042 4621.4233 5212.693
+Epoch 6000 : Training Cost: 11201084000.0  a,b,c: 4921.1855 5148.1504 5689.0713
+Epoch 7000 : Training Cost: 9732740000.0  a,b,c: 5364.764 5493.0156 5906.754
+Epoch 8000 : Training Cost: 9050918000.0  a,b,c: 5685.4067 5673.182 5902.0728
+Epoch 9000 : Training Cost: 8750394000.0  a,b,c: 5906.9814 5724.8906 5734.746
+Epoch 10000 : Training Cost: 8613128000.0  a,b,c: 6057.3677 5687.3364 5461.167
+Epoch 11000 : Training Cost: 8540034600.0  a,b,c: 6160.547 5592.3022 5122.8633
+Epoch 12000 : Training Cost: 8490983000.0  a,b,c: 6233.9175 5462.025 4747.111
+Epoch 13000 : Training Cost: 8450816500.0  a,b,c: 6289.048 5310.7583 4350.6997
+Epoch 14000 : Training Cost: 8414082000.0  a,b,c: 6333.199 5147.394 3943.9294
+Epoch 15000 : Training Cost: 8378841600.0  a,b,c: 6370.7944 4977.1704 3532.476
+Epoch 16000 : Training Cost: 8344471000.0  a,b,c: 6404.468 4803.542 3120.2087
+Epoch 17000 : Training Cost: 8310785500.0  a,b,c: 6435.365 4628.1523 2709.1445
+Epoch 18000 : Training Cost: 8277482000.0  a,b,c: 6465.5493 4451.833 2300.2783
+Epoch 19000 : Training Cost: 8244650000.0  a,b,c: 6494.609 4274.826 1894.3738
+Epoch 20000 : Training Cost: 8212349000.0  a,b,c: 6522.8247 4098.1733 1491.9915
+Epoch 21000 : Training Cost: 8180598300.0  a,b,c: 6550.6567 3922.7405 1093.3868
+Epoch 22000 : Training Cost: 8149257700.0  a,b,c: 6578.489 3747.8362 698.53357
+Epoch 23000 : Training Cost: 8118325000.0  a,b,c: 6606.1973 3573.2742 307.3541
+Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 8088001000.0  a,b,c: 6632.96 3399.878 -79.89219
+Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 8058094600.0  a,b,c: 6659.793 3227.2517 -463.03156
+8058094600.0 6659.793 3227.2517 -463.03156
+

+
+
predictions = []
+for x in abscissa:
+  predictions.append((coefficient1*pow(x,2) + coefficient2*x + constant))
+plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
+plt.plot(abscissa, predictions, label ='Fitted line')
+plt.title('Quadratic Regression Result')
+plt.legend()
+plt.show()
+

+
+

Cubic

with tf.Session() as sess:
+    sess.run(init)
+    for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
+      for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
+        sess.run(optimizer3, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
+      if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
+        cost = sess.run(mse3,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c,d:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c),sess.run(d))
+
+        training_cost = sess.run(mse3,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
+        coefficient2 = sess.run(b)
+        coefficient3 = sess.run(c)
+        constant = sess.run(d)
+
+print(training_cost, coefficient1, coefficient2, coefficient3, constant)
+

+
+
Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 4279814000.0  a,b,c,d: 670.1527 694.4212 751.4653 903.9527
+Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 3770950400.0  a,b,c,d: 742.6414 666.3489 636.94525 859.2088
+Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 3717708300.0  a,b,c,d: 756.2582 569.3339 448.105 748.23956
+Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 3667464000.0  a,b,c,d: 769.4476 474.0318 265.5761 654.75525
+Epoch 5000 : Training Cost: 3620040700.0  a,b,c,d: 782.32324 380.54272 89.39888 578.5136
+Epoch 6000 : Training Cost: 3575265800.0  a,b,c,d: 794.8898 288.83356 -80.5215 519.13654
+Epoch 7000 : Training Cost: 3532972000.0  a,b,c,d: 807.1608 198.87044 -244.31102 476.2061
+Epoch 8000 : Training Cost: 3493009200.0  a,b,c,d: 819.13513 110.64169 -402.0677 449.3291
+Epoch 9000 : Training Cost: 3455228400.0  a,b,c,d: 830.80255 24.0964 -553.92804 438.0652
+Epoch 10000 : Training Cost: 3419475500.0  a,b,c,d: 842.21594 -60.797424 -700.0123 441.983
+Epoch 11000 : Training Cost: 3385625300.0  a,b,c,d: 853.3363 -144.08699 -840.467 460.6356
+Epoch 12000 : Training Cost: 3353544700.0  a,b,c,d: 864.19135 -225.8125 -975.4196 493.57703
+Epoch 13000 : Training Cost: 3323125000.0  a,b,c,d: 874.778 -305.98932 -1104.9867 540.39465
+Epoch 14000 : Training Cost: 3294257000.0  a,b,c,d: 885.1007 -384.63474 -1229.277 600.65607
+Epoch 15000 : Training Cost: 3266820000.0  a,b,c,d: 895.18823 -461.819 -1348.4417 673.9051
+Epoch 16000 : Training Cost: 3240736000.0  a,b,c,d: 905.0128 -537.541 -1462.6171 759.7118
+Epoch 17000 : Training Cost: 3215895000.0  a,b,c,d: 914.60065 -611.8676 -1571.9058 857.6638
+Epoch 18000 : Training Cost: 3192216800.0  a,b,c,d: 923.9603 -684.8093 -1676.4642 967.30475
+Epoch 19000 : Training Cost: 3169632300.0  a,b,c,d: 933.08594 -756.3582 -1776.4275 1088.2198
+Epoch 20000 : Training Cost: 3148046300.0  a,b,c,d: 941.9928 -826.6257 -1871.9355 1219.9702
+Epoch 21000 : Training Cost: 3127394800.0  a,b,c,d: 950.67896 -895.6205 -1963.0989 1362.1665
+Epoch 22000 : Training Cost: 3107608600.0  a,b,c,d: 959.1487 -963.38116 -2050.0586 1514.4026
+Epoch 23000 : Training Cost: 3088618200.0  a,b,c,d: 967.4355 -1029.9625 -2132.961 1676.2717
+Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 3070361300.0  a,b,c,d: 975.52875 -1095.4292 -2211.854 1847.4485
+Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 3052791300.0  a,b,c,d: 983.4346 -1159.7922 -2286.9412 2027.4857
+3052791300.0 983.4346 -1159.7922 -2286.9412 2027.4857
+

+
+
predictions = []
+for x in abscissa:
+  predictions.append((coefficient1*pow(x,3) + coefficient2*pow(x,2) + coefficient3*x + constant))
+plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
+plt.plot(abscissa, predictions, label ='Fitted line')
+plt.title('Cubic Regression Result')
+plt.legend()
+plt.show()
+

+
+

Quartic

with tf.Session() as sess:
+    sess.run(init)
+    for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
+      for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
+        sess.run(optimizer4, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
+      if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
+        cost = sess.run(mse4,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c,d:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c),sess.run(d),sess.run(e))
+
+        training_cost = sess.run(mse4,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
+        coefficient2 = sess.run(b)
+        coefficient3 = sess.run(c)
+        coefficient4 = sess.run(d)
+        constant = sess.run(e)
+
+print(training_cost, coefficient1, coefficient2, coefficient3, coefficient4, constant)
+

+
+
Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 1902632600.0  a,b,c,d: 84.48304 52.210594 54.791424 142.51952 512.0343
+Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 1854316200.0  a,b,c,d: 88.998955 13.073557 14.276088 223.55667 1056.4655
+Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 1812812400.0  a,b,c,d: 92.9462 -22.331177 -15.262934 327.41858 1634.9054
+Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 1775716000.0  a,b,c,d: 96.42522 -54.64535 -35.829437 449.5028 2239.1392
+Epoch 5000 : Training Cost: 1741494100.0  a,b,c,d: 99.524734 -84.43976 -49.181057 585.85876 2862.4915
+Epoch 6000 : Training Cost: 1709199600.0  a,b,c,d: 102.31984 -112.19895 -56.808075 733.1876 3499.6199
+Epoch 7000 : Training Cost: 1678261800.0  a,b,c,d: 104.87324 -138.32709 -59.9442 888.79626 4146.2944
+Epoch 8000 : Training Cost: 1648340600.0  a,b,c,d: 107.23536 -163.15173 -59.58964 1050.524 4798.979
+Epoch 9000 : Training Cost: 1619243400.0  a,b,c,d: 109.44742 -186.9409 -56.53944 1216.6432 5454.9463
+Epoch 10000 : Training Cost: 1590821900.0  a,b,c,d: 111.54233 -209.91287 -51.423084 1385.8513 6113.5137
+Epoch 11000 : Training Cost: 1563042200.0  a,b,c,d: 113.54405 -232.21953 -44.73371 1557.1084 6771.7046
+Epoch 12000 : Training Cost: 1535855600.0  a,b,c,d: 115.471565 -253.9838 -36.851135 1729.535 7429.069
+Epoch 13000 : Training Cost: 1509255300.0  a,b,c,d: 117.33939 -275.29697 -28.0714 1902.5308 8083.9634
+Epoch 14000 : Training Cost: 1483227000.0  a,b,c,d: 119.1605 -296.2472 -18.618649 2075.6094 8735.381
+Epoch 15000 : Training Cost: 1457726700.0  a,b,c,d: 120.94584 -316.915 -8.650095 2248.3247 9384.197
+Epoch 16000 : Training Cost: 1432777300.0  a,b,c,d: 122.69806 -337.30704 1.7027153 2420.5771 10028.871
+Epoch 17000 : Training Cost: 1408365000.0  a,b,c,d: 124.42179 -357.45245 12.33499 2592.2983 10669.157
+Epoch 18000 : Training Cost: 1384480000.0  a,b,c,d: 126.12332 -377.39734 23.168756 2763.0933 11305.027
+Epoch 19000 : Training Cost: 1361116800.0  a,b,c,d: 127.80568 -397.16415 34.160156 2933.0452 11935.669
+Epoch 20000 : Training Cost: 1338288100.0  a,b,c,d: 129.4674 -416.72803 45.259155 3101.7727 12561.179
+Epoch 21000 : Training Cost: 1315959700.0  a,b,c,d: 131.11403 -436.14285 56.4436 3269.3142 13182.058
+Epoch 22000 : Training Cost: 1294164700.0  a,b,c,d: 132.74377 -455.3779 67.6757 3435.3833 13796.807
+Epoch 23000 : Training Cost: 1272863600.0  a,b,c,d: 134.35779 -474.45316 78.96117 3600.264 14406.58
+Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 1252052600.0  a,b,c,d: 135.9583 -493.38254 90.268616 3764.0078 15010.481
+Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 1231713700.0  a,b,c,d: 137.54753 -512.1876 101.59372 3926.4897 15609.368
+1231713700.0 137.54753 -512.1876 101.59372 3926.4897 15609.368
+

+
+
predictions = []
+for x in abscissa:
+  predictions.append((coefficient1*pow(x,4) + coefficient2*pow(x,3) + coefficient3*pow(x,2) + coefficient4*x + constant))
+plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
+plt.plot(abscissa, predictions, label ='Fitted line')
+plt.title('Quartic Regression Result')
+plt.legend()
+plt.show()
+

+
+

Quintic

with tf.Session() as sess:
+    sess.run(init)
+    for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
+      for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
+        sess.run(optimizer5, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
+      if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
+        cost = sess.run(mse5,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c,d,e,f:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c),sess.run(d),sess.run(e),sess.run(f))
+
+        training_cost = sess.run(mse5,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
+        coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
+        coefficient2 = sess.run(b)
+        coefficient3 = sess.run(c)
+        coefficient4 = sess.run(d)
+        coefficient5 = sess.run(e)
+        constant = sess.run(f)
+

+
+
Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 1409200100.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 7.949472 7.46219 55.626034 184.29028 484.00223 1024.0083
+Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 1306882400.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 8.732181 -4.0085897 73.25298 315.90103 904.08887 2004.9749
+Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 1212606000.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 9.732249 -16.90125 86.28379 437.06552 1305.055 2966.2188
+Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 1123640400.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 10.74851 -29.82692 98.59997 555.331 1698.4631 3917.9155
+Epoch 5000 : Training Cost: 1039694300.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 11.75426 -42.598194 110.698326 671.64355 2085.5513 4860.8535
+Epoch 6000 : Training Cost: 960663550.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 12.745439 -55.18337 122.644936 786.00214 2466.1638 5794.3735
+Epoch 7000 : Training Cost: 886438340.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 13.721028 -67.57168 134.43822 898.3691 2839.9958 6717.659
+Epoch 8000 : Training Cost: 816913100.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 14.679965 -79.75113 146.07385 1008.66895 3206.6692 7629.812
+Epoch 9000 : Training Cost: 751971500.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 15.62181 -91.71608 157.55713 1116.7715 3565.8323 8529.976
+Epoch 10000 : Training Cost: 691508740.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 16.545347 -103.4531 168.88321 1222.6348 3916.9785 9416.236
+Epoch 11000 : Training Cost: 635382000.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 17.450052 -114.954254 180.03932 1326.1565 4259.842 10287.99
+Epoch 12000 : Training Cost: 583477250.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 18.334944 -126.20821 191.02948 1427.2095 4593.8 11143.449
+Epoch 13000 : Training Cost: 535640400.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 19.198917 -137.20206 201.84718 1525.6926 4918.5327 11981.633
+Epoch 14000 : Training Cost: 491722240.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 20.041153 -147.92719 212.49709 1621.5496 5233.627 12800.468
+Epoch 15000 : Training Cost: 451559520.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 20.860966 -158.37456 222.97133 1714.7141 5538.676 13598.337
+Epoch 16000 : Training Cost: 414988960.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 21.657421 -168.53406 233.27422 1805.0874 5833.1978 14373.658
+Epoch 17000 : Training Cost: 381837920.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 22.429693 -178.39536 243.39914 1892.5883 6116.847 15124.394
+Epoch 18000 : Training Cost: 351931300.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 23.176882 -187.94789 253.3445 1977.137 6389.117 15848.417
+Epoch 19000 : Training Cost: 325074400.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 23.898485 -197.18741 263.12512 2058.6716 6649.8037 16543.95
+Epoch 20000 : Training Cost: 301073570.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 24.593851 -206.10497 272.72385 2137.1797 6898.544 17209.367
+Epoch 21000 : Training Cost: 279727000.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 25.262104 -214.69217 282.14642 2212.6372 7135.217 17842.854
+Epoch 22000 : Training Cost: 260845550.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 25.903376 -222.94969 291.4003 2284.9844 7359.4644 18442.408
+Epoch 23000 : Training Cost: 244218030.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 26.517094 -230.8697 300.45532 2354.3003 7571.261 19007.49
+Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 229660080.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 27.102589 -238.44817 309.35342 2420.4185 7770.5728 19536.19
+Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 216972400.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 27.660324 -245.69016 318.10062 2483.3608 7957.354 20027.707
+216972400.0 27.660324 -245.69016 318.10062 2483.3608 7957.354 20027.707
+

+
+
predictions = []
+for x in abscissa:
+  predictions.append((coefficient1*pow(x,5) + coefficient2*pow(x,4) + coefficient3*pow(x,3) + coefficient4*pow(x,2) + coefficient5*x + constant))
+plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
+plt.plot(abscissa, predictions, label ='Fitted line')
+plt.title('Quintic Regression Result')
+plt.legend()
+plt.show()
+

+
+

Results and Conclusion

You just learnt Polynomial Regression using TensorFlow!

Notes

Overfitting

> Overfitting refers to a model that models the training data too well.Overfitting happens when a model learns the detail and noise in the training data to the extent that it negatively impacts the performance of the model on new data. This means that the noise or random fluctuations in the training data is picked up and learned as concepts by the model. The problem is that these concepts do not apply to new data and negatively impact the models ability to generalize.

Source: Machine Learning Mastery

Basically if you train your machine learning model on a small dataset for a really large number of epochs, the model will learn all the deformities/noise in the data and will actually think that it is a normal part. Therefore when it will see some new data, it will discard that new data as noise and will impact the accuracy of the model in a negative manner

Tagged with:
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/posts/2019-12-22-Fake-News-Detector/index 4.html b/posts/2019-12-22-Fake-News-Detector/index 4.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a6cb7a --- /dev/null +++ b/posts/2019-12-22-Fake-News-Detector/index 4.html @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate | Navan Chauhan
Navan Chauhan
6 minute readCreated on December 22, 2019Last modified on January 18, 2020

Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate

In this tutorial we will build a fake news detecting app from scratch, using Turicreate for the machine learning model and SwiftUI for building the app

Note: These commands are written as if you are running a jupyter notebook.

Building the Machine Learning Model

Data Gathering

To build a classifier, you need a lot of data. George McIntire (GH: @joolsa) has created a wonderful dataset containing the headline, body and wheter it is fake or real. Whenever you are looking for a dataset, always try searching on Kaggle and GitHub before you start building your own

Dependencies

I used a Google Colab instance for training my model. If you also plan on using Google Colab then I reccomend choosing a GPU Instance (It is Free) This allows you to train the model on the GPU. Turicreat is built on top of Apache's MXNet Framework, for us to use GPU we need to install a CUDA compatible MXNet package.

!pip install turicreate
+!pip uninstall -y mxnet
+!pip install mxnet-cu100==1.4.0.post0
+

+
+

If you do not wish to train on GPU or are running it on your computer, you can ignore the last two lines

Downloading the Dataset

!wget -q "https://github.com/joolsa/fake_real_news_dataset/raw/master/fake_or_real_news.csv.zip"
+!unzip fake_or_real_news.csv.zip
+

+
+

Model Creation

import turicreate as tc
+tc.config.set_num_gpus(-1) # If you do not wish to use GPUs, set it to 0
+

+
+
dataSFrame = tc.SFrame('fake_or_real_news.csv')
+

+
+

The dataset contains a column named "X1", which is of no use to us. Therefore, we simply drop it

dataSFrame.remove_column('X1')
+

+
+

Splitting Dataset

train, test = dataSFrame.random_split(.9)
+

+
+

Training

model = tc.text_classifier.create(
+    dataset=train,
+    target='label',
+    features=['title','text']
+)
+

+
+
+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+| Iteration | Passes   | Step size | Elapsed Time | Training Accuracy | Validation Accuracy |
++-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+| 0         | 2        | 1.000000  | 1.156349     | 0.889680          | 0.790036            |
+| 1         | 4        | 1.000000  | 1.359196     | 0.985952          | 0.918149            |
+| 2         | 6        | 0.820091  | 1.557205     | 0.990260          | 0.914591            |
+| 3         | 7        | 1.000000  | 1.684872     | 0.998689          | 0.925267            |
+| 4         | 8        | 1.000000  | 1.814194     | 0.999063          | 0.925267            |
+| 9         | 14       | 1.000000  | 2.507072     | 1.000000          | 0.911032            |
++-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+

+
+

Testing the Model

est_predictions = model.predict(test)
+accuracy = tc.evaluation.accuracy(test['label'], test_predictions)
+print(f'Topic classifier model has a testing accuracy of {accuracy*100}% ', flush=True)
+

+
+
Topic classifier model has a testing accuracy of 92.3076923076923%
+

+
+

We have just created our own Fake News Detection Model which has an accuracy of 92%!

example_text = {"title": ["Middling ‘Rise Of Skywalker’ Review Leaves Fan On Fence About Whether To Threaten To Kill Critic"], "text": ["Expressing ambivalence toward the relatively balanced appraisal of the film, Star Wars fan Miles Ariely admitted Thursday that an online publication’s middling review of The Rise Of Skywalker had left him on the fence about whether he would still threaten to kill the critic who wrote it. “I’m really of two minds about this, because on the one hand, he said the new movie fails to live up to the original trilogy, which makes me at least want to throw a brick through his window with a note telling him to watch his back,” said Ariely, confirming he had already drafted an eight-page-long death threat to Stan Corimer of the website Screen-On Time, but had not yet decided whether to post it to the reviewer’s Facebook page. “On the other hand, though, he commended J.J. Abrams’ skillful pacing and faithfulness to George Lucas’ vision, which makes me wonder if I should just call the whole thing off. Now, I really don’t feel like camping outside his house for hours. Maybe I could go with a response that’s somewhere in between, like, threatening to kill his dog but not everyone in his whole family? I don’t know. This is a tough one.” At press time, sources reported that Ariely had resolved to wear his Ewok costume while he murdered the critic in his sleep."]}
+example_prediction = model.classify(tc.SFrame(example_text))
+print(example_prediction, flush=True)
+

+
+
+-------+--------------------+
+| class |    probability     |
++-------+--------------------+
+|  FAKE | 0.9245648658345308 |
++-------+--------------------+
+[1 rows x 2 columns]
+

+
+

Exporting the Model

model_name = 'FakeNews'
+coreml_model_name = model_name + '.mlmodel'
+exportedModel = model.export_coreml(coreml_model_name)
+

+
+

Note: To download files from Google Volab, simply click on the files section in the sidebar, right click on filename and then click on downlaod

Link to Colab Notebook

Building the App using SwiftUI

Initial Setup

First we create a single view app (make sure you check the use SwiftUI button)

Then we copy our .mlmodel file to our project (Just drag and drop the file in the XCode Files Sidebar)

Our ML Model does not take a string directly as an input, rather it takes bag of words as an input. DescriptionThe bag-of-words model is a simplifying representation used in NLP, in this text is represented as a bag of words, without any regatd of grammar or order, but noting multiplicity

We define our bag of words function

func bow(text: String) -> [String: Double] {
+        var bagOfWords = [String: Double]()
+        
+        let tagger = NSLinguisticTagger(tagSchemes: [.tokenType], options: 0)
+        let range = NSRange(location: 0, length: text.utf16.count)
+        let options: NSLinguisticTagger.Options = [.omitPunctuation, .omitWhitespace]
+        tagger.string = text
+        
+        tagger.enumerateTags(in: range, unit: .word, scheme: .tokenType, options: options) { _, tokenRange, _ in
+            let word = (text as NSString).substring(with: tokenRange)
+            if bagOfWords[word] != nil {
+                bagOfWords[word]! += 1
+            } else {
+                bagOfWords[word] = 1
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return bagOfWords
+    }
+

+
+

We also declare our variables

@State private var title: String = ""
+@State private var headline: String = ""
+@State private var alertTitle = ""
+@State private var alertText = ""
+@State private var showingAlert = false
+

+
+

Finally, we implement a simple function which reads the two text fields, creates their bag of words representation and displays an alert with the appropriate result

Complete Code

import SwiftUI
+
+struct ContentView: View {
+    @State private var title: String = ""
+    @State private var headline: String = ""
+    
+    @State private var alertTitle = ""
+    @State private var alertText = ""
+    @State private var showingAlert = false
+    
+    var body: some View {
+        NavigationView {
+            VStack(alignment: .leading) {
+                Text("Headline").font(.headline)
+                TextField("Please Enter Headline", text: $title)
+                    .lineLimit(nil)
+                Text("Body").font(.headline)
+                TextField("Please Enter the content", text: $headline)
+                .lineLimit(nil)
+            }
+                .navigationBarTitle("Fake News Checker")
+            .navigationBarItems(trailing:
+                Button(action: classifyFakeNews) {
+                    Text("Check")
+                })
+            .padding()
+                .alert(isPresented: $showingAlert){
+                    Alert(title: Text(alertTitle), message: Text(alertText), dismissButton: .default(Text("OK")))
+            }
+        }
+        
+    }
+    
+    func classifyFakeNews(){
+        let model = FakeNews()
+        let myTitle = bow(text: title)
+        let myText = bow(text: headline)
+        do {
+            let prediction = try model.prediction(title: myTitle, text: myText)
+            alertTitle = prediction.label
+            alertText = "It is likely that this piece of news is \(prediction.label.lowercased())."
+            print(alertText)
+        } catch {
+            alertTitle = "Error"
+            alertText = "Sorry, could not classify if the input news was fake or not."
+        }
+        
+        showingAlert = true
+    }
+    func bow(text: String) -> [String: Double] {
+        var bagOfWords = [String: Double]()
+        
+        let tagger = NSLinguisticTagger(tagSchemes: [.tokenType], options: 0)
+        let range = NSRange(location: 0, length: text.utf16.count)
+        let options: NSLinguisticTagger.Options = [.omitPunctuation, .omitWhitespace]
+        tagger.string = text
+        
+        tagger.enumerateTags(in: range, unit: .word, scheme: .tokenType, options: options) { _, tokenRange, _ in
+            let word = (text as NSString).substring(with: tokenRange)
+            if bagOfWords[word] != nil {
+                bagOfWords[word]! += 1
+            } else {
+                bagOfWords[word] = 1
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return bagOfWords
+    }
+}
+
+struct ContentView_Previews: PreviewProvider {
+    static var previews: some View {
+        ContentView()
+    }
+}
+

+
+
Tagged with:
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/posts/2020-01-14-Converting-between-PIL-NumPy/index 4.html b/posts/2020-01-14-Converting-between-PIL-NumPy/index 4.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2ba6be --- /dev/null +++ b/posts/2020-01-14-Converting-between-PIL-NumPy/index 4.html @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Converting between image and NumPy array | Navan Chauhan
Navan Chauhan
0 minute readCreated on January 14, 2020Last modified on January 18, 2020

Converting between image and NumPy array

import numpy
+import PIL
+
+# Convert PIL Image to NumPy array
+img = PIL.Image.open("foo.jpg")
+arr = numpy.array(img)
+
+# Convert array to Image
+img = PIL.Image.fromarray(arr)
+

+
+

Saving an Image

try:
+    img.save(destination, "JPEG", quality=80, optimize=True, progressive=True)
+except IOError:
+    PIL.ImageFile.MAXBLOCK = img.size[0] * img.size[1]
+    img.save(destination, "JPEG", quality=80, optimize=True, progressive=True)
+

+
+
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Navan Chauhan
1 minute readCreated on January 15, 2020Last modified on January 19, 2020

Setting up Kaggle to use with Google Colab

In order to be able to access Kaggle Datasets, you will need to have an account on Kaggle (which is Free)

Grabbing Our Tokens

Go to Kaggle

Click on your User Profile and Click on My Account

Scroll Down untill you see Create New API Token

This will download your token as a JSON file

Copy the File to the root folder of your Google Drive

Setting up Colab

Mounting Google Drive

import os
+from google.colab import drive
+drive.mount('/content/drive')
+

+
+

After this click on the URL in the output section, login and then paste the Auth Code

Configuring Kaggle

os.environ['KAGGLE_CONFIG_DIR'] = "/content/drive/My Drive/"
+

+
+

Voila! You can now download kaggel datasets

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Navan Chauhan
6 minute readCreated on January 16, 2020Last modified on January 19, 2020

Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Turicreate to detect Smoke and Fire

For setting up Kaggle with Google Colab, please refer to my previous post

Dataset

Mounting Google Drive

import os
+from google.colab import drive
+drive.mount('/content/drive')
+

+
+

Downloading Dataset from Kaggle

os.environ['KAGGLE_CONFIG_DIR'] = "/content/drive/My Drive/"
+!kaggle datasets download ashutosh69/fire-and-smoke-dataset
+!unzip "fire-and-smoke-dataset.zip"
+

+
+

Pre-Processing

!mkdir default smoke fire
+

+
+


!ls data/data/img_data/train/default/*.jpg
+

+
+


img_1002.jpg   img_20.jpg     img_519.jpg     img_604.jpg       img_80.jpg
+img_1003.jpg   img_21.jpg     img_51.jpg     img_60.jpg       img_8.jpg
+img_1007.jpg   img_22.jpg     img_520.jpg     img_61.jpg       img_900.jpg
+img_100.jpg    img_23.jpg     img_521.jpg    'img_62 (2).jpg'   img_920.jpg
+img_1014.jpg   img_24.jpg    'img_52 (2).jpg'     img_62.jpg       img_921.jpg
+img_1018.jpg   img_29.jpg     img_522.jpg    'img_63 (2).jpg'   img_922.jpg
+img_101.jpg    img_3000.jpg   img_523.jpg     img_63.jpg       img_923.jpg
+img_1027.jpg   img_335.jpg    img_524.jpg     img_66.jpg       img_924.jpg
+img_102.jpg    img_336.jpg    img_52.jpg     img_67.jpg       img_925.jpg
+img_1042.jpg   img_337.jpg    img_530.jpg     img_68.jpg       img_926.jpg
+img_1043.jpg   img_338.jpg    img_531.jpg     img_700.jpg       img_927.jpg
+img_1046.jpg   img_339.jpg   'img_53 (2).jpg'     img_701.jpg       img_928.jpg
+img_1052.jpg   img_340.jpg    img_532.jpg     img_702.jpg       img_929.jpg
+img_107.jpg    img_341.jpg    img_533.jpg     img_703.jpg       img_930.jpg
+img_108.jpg    img_3.jpg      img_537.jpg     img_704.jpg       img_931.jpg
+img_109.jpg    img_400.jpg    img_538.jpg     img_705.jpg       img_932.jpg
+img_10.jpg     img_471.jpg    img_539.jpg     img_706.jpg       img_933.jpg
+img_118.jpg    img_472.jpg    img_53.jpg     img_707.jpg       img_934.jpg
+img_12.jpg     img_473.jpg    img_540.jpg     img_708.jpg       img_935.jpg
+img_14.jpg     img_488.jpg    img_541.jpg     img_709.jpg       img_938.jpg
+img_15.jpg     img_489.jpg   'img_54 (2).jpg'     img_70.jpg       img_958.jpg
+img_16.jpg     img_490.jpg    img_542.jpg     img_710.jpg       img_971.jpg
+img_17.jpg     img_491.jpg    img_543.jpg    'img_71 (2).jpg'   img_972.jpg
+img_18.jpg     img_492.jpg    img_54.jpg     img_71.jpg       img_973.jpg
+img_19.jpg     img_493.jpg   'img_55 (2).jpg'     img_72.jpg       img_974.jpg
+img_1.jpg      img_494.jpg    img_55.jpg     img_73.jpg       img_975.jpg
+img_200.jpg    img_495.jpg    img_56.jpg     img_74.jpg       img_980.jpg
+img_201.jpg    img_496.jpg    img_57.jpg     img_75.jpg       img_988.jpg
+img_202.jpg    img_497.jpg    img_58.jpg     img_76.jpg       img_9.jpg
+img_203.jpg    img_4.jpg      img_59.jpg     img_77.jpg
+img_204.jpg    img_501.jpg    img_601.jpg     img_78.jpg
+img_205.jpg    img_502.jpg    img_602.jpg     img_79.jpg
+img_206.jpg    img_50.jpg     img_603.jpg     img_7.jpg
+

+
+

The image files are not actually JPEG, thus we first need to save them in the correct format for Turicreate

from PIL import Image
+import glob
+
+
+folders = ["default","smoke","fire"]
+for folder in folders:
+  n = 1
+  for file in glob.glob("./data/data/img_data/train/" + folder + "/*.jpg"):
+    im = Image.open(file)
+    rgb_im = im.convert('RGB')
+    rgb_im.save((folder + "/" + str(n) + ".jpg"), quality=100)
+    n +=1 
+  for file in glob.glob("./data/data/img_data/train/" + folder + "/*.jpg"):
+    im = Image.open(file)
+    rgb_im = im.convert('RGB')
+    rgb_im.save((folder + "/" + str(n) + ".jpg"), quality=100)
+    n +=1
+

+
+


!mkdir train
+!mv default ./train
+!mv smoke ./train
+!mv fire ./train
+

+
+

Making the Image Classifier

Making an SFrame

!pip install turicreate
+

+
+


import turicreate as tc
+import os
+
+data = tc.image_analysis.load_images("./train", with_path=True)
+
+data["label"] = data["path"].apply(lambda path: os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(path)))
+
+print(data)
+
+data.save('fire-smoke.sframe')
+

+
+


+-------------------------+------------------------+
+|           path          |         image          |
++-------------------------+------------------------+
+|  ./train/default/1.jpg  | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
+|  ./train/default/10.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
+| ./train/default/100.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
+| ./train/default/101.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
+| ./train/default/102.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
+| ./train/default/103.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
+| ./train/default/104.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
+| ./train/default/105.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
+| ./train/default/106.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
+| ./train/default/107.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
++-------------------------+------------------------+
+[2028 rows x 2 columns]
+Note: Only the head of the SFrame is printed.
+You can use print_rows(num_rows=m, num_columns=n) to print more rows and columns.
++-------------------------+------------------------+---------+
+|           path          |         image          |  label  |
++-------------------------+------------------------+---------+
+|  ./train/default/1.jpg  | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
+|  ./train/default/10.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
+| ./train/default/100.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
+| ./train/default/101.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
+| ./train/default/102.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
+| ./train/default/103.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
+| ./train/default/104.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
+| ./train/default/105.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
+| ./train/default/106.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
+| ./train/default/107.jpg | Height: 224 Width: 224 | default |
++-------------------------+------------------------+---------+
+[2028 rows x 3 columns]
+Note: Only the head of the SFrame is printed.
+You can use print_rows(num_rows=m, num_columns=n) to print more rows and columns.
+

+
+

Making the Model

import turicreate as tc
+
+# Load the data
+data =  tc.SFrame('fire-smoke.sframe')
+
+# Make a train-test split
+train_data, test_data = data.random_split(0.8)
+
+# Create the model
+model = tc.image_classifier.create(train_data, target='label')
+
+# Save predictions to an SArray
+predictions = model.predict(test_data)
+
+# Evaluate the model and print the results
+metrics = model.evaluate(test_data)
+print(metrics['accuracy'])
+
+# Save the model for later use in Turi Create
+model.save('fire-smoke.model')
+
+# Export for use in Core ML
+model.export_coreml('fire-smoke.mlmodel')
+

+
+


Performing feature extraction on resized images...
+Completed   64/1633
+Completed  128/1633
+Completed  192/1633
+Completed  256/1633
+Completed  320/1633
+Completed  384/1633
+Completed  448/1633
+Completed  512/1633
+Completed  576/1633
+Completed  640/1633
+Completed  704/1633
+Completed  768/1633
+Completed  832/1633
+Completed  896/1633
+Completed  960/1633
+Completed 1024/1633
+Completed 1088/1633
+Completed 1152/1633
+Completed 1216/1633
+Completed 1280/1633
+Completed 1344/1633
+Completed 1408/1633
+Completed 1472/1633
+Completed 1536/1633
+Completed 1600/1633
+Completed 1633/1633
+PROGRESS: Creating a validation set from 5 percent of training data. This may take a while.
+          You can set ``validation_set=None`` to disable validation tracking.
+
+Logistic regression:
+--------------------------------------------------------
+Number of examples          : 1551
+Number of classes           : 3
+Number of feature columns   : 1
+Number of unpacked features : 2048
+Number of coefficients      : 4098
+Starting L-BFGS
+--------------------------------------------------------
++-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+| Iteration | Passes   | Step size | Elapsed Time | Training Accuracy | Validation Accuracy |
++-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+| 0         | 6        | 0.018611  | 0.891830     | 0.553836          | 0.560976            |
+| 1         | 10       | 0.390832  | 1.622383     | 0.744681          | 0.792683            |
+| 2         | 11       | 0.488541  | 1.943987     | 0.733075          | 0.804878            |
+| 3         | 14       | 2.442703  | 2.512545     | 0.727917          | 0.841463            |
+| 4         | 15       | 2.442703  | 2.826964     | 0.861380          | 0.853659            |
+| 9         | 28       | 2.340435  | 5.492035     | 0.941328          | 0.975610            |
++-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+Performing feature extraction on resized images...
+Completed  64/395
+Completed 128/395
+Completed 192/395
+Completed 256/395
+Completed 320/395
+Completed 384/395
+Completed 395/395
+0.9316455696202531
+

+
+

We just got an accuracy of 94% on Training Data and 97% on Validation Data!

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Navan Chauhan
0 minute readCreated on January 19, 2020Last modified on January 20, 2020

How to setup Bluetooth on a Raspberry Pi

This was tested on a Raspberry Pi Zero W

Enter in the Bluetooth Mode

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ bluetoothctl

[bluetooth]# agent on

[bluetooth]# default-agent

[bluetooth]# scan on

To Pair

While being in bluetooth mode

[bluetooth]# pair XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

To Exit out of bluetoothctl anytime, just type exit

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Navan Chauhan
0 minute readCreated on April 16, 2019Last modified on January 4, 2020

Hello World

Why a Hello World post?

Just re-did the entire website using Publish (Publish by John Sundell). So, a new hello world post :)

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Navan Chauhan
1 minute readCreated on May 14, 2019Last modified on January 4, 2020

Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response

Based on the project showcased at Toyota Hackathon, IITD - 17/18th December 2018

Download paper here

Recommended citation:

ATP

Chauhan, N. (2019). &quot;Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response.&quot; <i>International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 6(5)</i>.
+

+
+

BibTeX

@article{chauhan_2019, title={Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response}, volume={6}, url={https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i5/IRJET-V6I5318.pdf}, number={5}, journal={International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)}, author={Chauhan, Navan}, year={2019}}
+

+
+
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  • Experiments

    🕑 0 minute read. January 24, 2010

    Just a markdown file for all experiments related to the website

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