Navan Chauhan

Fixing X11 Error on macOS Catalina for AmberTools 18/19

Mon, 13 Apr 2020 11:41:00 +0530

Fixing X11 Error on macOS Catalina for AmberTools 18/19

I was trying to install AmberTools on my macOS Catalina Installation. Running ./configure -macAccelerate clang gave me an error that it could not find X11 libraries, even though locate libXt showed that my installation was correct.

Error:

Could not find the X11 libraries; you may need to edit config.h
-   to set the XHOME and XLIBS variables.
-Error: The X11 libraries are not in the usual location !
-       To search for them try the command: locate libXt
-       On new Fedora OS's install the libXt-devel libXext-devel
-       libX11-devel libICE-devel libSM-devel packages.
-       On old Fedora OS's install the xorg-x11-devel package.
-       On RedHat OS's install the XFree86-devel package.
-       On Ubuntu OS's install the xorg-dev and xserver-xorg packages.
-
-          ...more info for various linuxes at ambermd.org/ubuntu.html
-
-       To build Amber without XLEaP, re-run configure with '-noX11:
-            ./configure -noX11 --with-python /usr/local/bin/python3 -macAccelerate clang
-Configure failed due to the errors above!
-
-
-

I searcehd on Google for a solution on their, sadly there was not even a single thread which had a solution about this error.

The Fix

Simply reinstalling XQuartz using homebrew fixed the error brew cask reinstall xquartz

If you do not have xquartz installed, you need to run brew cask install xquartz

Possible Drug Candidates for COVID-19

Tue, 17 Mar 2020 17:40:00 +0530

COVID-19, has been officially labeled as a pandemic by the World Health Organisation. This paper presents cloperastine and vigabatrin as two possible drug candidates for combatting the disease along with the process by which they were discovered.

Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?

Sat, 14 Mar 2020 22:23:00 +0530

Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?

This is still a pre-print.

Download paper here

Recommended citation:

APA

Chauhan, N. (2020, March 15). Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?. https://doi.org/10.35543/osf.io/9um2r
-
-
-

MLA

Chauhan, Navan. “Is It Possible to Programmatically Generate Vaporwave?.” IndiaRxiv, 15 Mar. 2020. Web.
-
-
-

Chicago

Chauhan, Navan. 2020. “Is It Possible to Programmatically Generate Vaporwave?.” IndiaRxiv. March 15. doi:10.35543/osf.io/9um2r.
-
-
-

Bibtex

@misc{chauhan_2020,
- title={Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?},
- url={indiarxiv.org/9um2r},
- DOI={10.35543/osf.io/9um2r},
- publisher={IndiaRxiv},
- author={Chauhan, Navan},
- year={2020},
- month={Mar}
-}
-
-
-

Making My First Vaporwave Track (Remix)

Sun, 8 Mar 2020 23:17:00 +0530

Making My First Vaporwave Track (Remix)

I finally completed my first quick and dirty vaporwave remix of "I Want It That Way" by the Backstreet Boys

V A P O R W A V E

Vaporwave is all about A E S T H E T I C S. Vaporwave is a type of music genre that emmerged as a parody of Chillwave, shared more as a meme rather than a proper musical genre. Of course this changed as the genre become mature

How to Vaporwave

The first track which is considered to be actual Vaporwave is Ramona Xavier's Macintosh Plus, this unspokenly set the the guidelines for making Vaporwave

Take a 1980s RnB song
Slow it down
Add Bass and Trebble
Add again
Add Reverb ( make sure its wet )

There you have your very own Vaporwave track.

( Now, there are some tracks being produced which are not remixes and are original )

My Remix

Where is the Programming?

The fact that there are steps on producing Vaporwave, this gave me the idea that Vaporwave can actually be made using programming, stay tuned for when I publish the program which I am working on ( Generating A E S T H E T I C artwork and remixes)

Tinkering with an Android TV

Tue, 3 Mar 2020 18:37:00 +0530

Tinkering with an Android TV

So I have an Android TV, this posts covers everything I have tried on it

Getting TV's IP Address
Enable Developer Settings
Enable ADB
Connect ADB
Manipulating Packages

IP-Address

These steps should be similar for all Android-TVs

Go To Settings
Go to Network
Advanced Settings
Network Status
Note Down IP-Address

The other option is to go to your router's server page and get connected devices

Developer-Settings

Go To Settings
About
Continously click on the "Build" option until it says "You are a Developer"

Enable-ADB

Go to Settings
Go to Developer Options
Scroll untill you find ADB Debugging and enable that option

Connect-ADB

Open Terminal (Make sure you have ADB installed)
Enter the following command adb connect
To test the connection run adb logcat

Manipulating Apps / Packages

Listing Packages

adb shell
pm list packages

Installing Packages

adb install -r package.apk

Uninstalling Packages

adb uninstall com.company.yourpackagename

How to setup Bluetooth on a Raspberry Pi

Sun, 19 Jan 2020 15:27:00 +0530

How to setup Bluetooth on a Raspberry Pi

This was tested on a Raspberry Pi Zero W

Enter in the Bluetooth Mode

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ bluetoothctl

[bluetooth]# agent on

[bluetooth]# default-agent

[bluetooth]# scan on

To Pair

While being in bluetooth mode

[bluetooth]# pair XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

To Exit out of bluetoothctl anytime, just type exit

Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Turicreate to detect Smoke and Fire

Thu, 16 Jan 2020 10:36:00 +0530

Compiling Open Babel on iOS

Due to the fact that my summer vacations started today, I had the brilliant idea of trying to run open babel on my iPad. To give a little background, I had tried to compile AutoDock Vina using a cross-compiler but I had miserably failed.

I am running the Checkr1n jailbreak on my iPad and the Unc0ver jailbreak on my phone.

But Why?

Well, just because I can. This is literally the only reason I tried compiling it and also partially because in the long run I want to compile AutoDock Vina so I can do Molecular Docking on the go.

Let's Go!

How hard can it be to compile open babel right? It is just a simple software with clear and concise build instructions. I just need to use cmake to build and the make to install.

It is 11 AM in the morning. I install clang, cmake and make from the Sam Bingner's repository, fired up ssh, downloaded the source code and ran the build command.`clang

Fail No. 1

I couldn't even get cmake to run, I did a little digging arond StackOverflow and founf that I needed the iOS SDK, sure no problem. I waited for Xcode to update and transfered the /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS.sdk to /var/sdks/ on my iPad

Them I told cmake that this is the location for my SDK 😠. Succesful! Now I just needed to use make.

Fail No. 2

It was giving the error that thread-local-storage was not supported on this device.

[  0%] Building CXX object src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/alias.cpp.o
+[  1%] Building CXX object src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/atom.cpp.o
+In file included from /var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:28:
+In file included from /var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/ring.h:29:
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/typer.h:70:1: error: thread-local storage is not supported for the current target
+THREAD_LOCAL OB_EXTERN OBAtomTyper      atomtyper;
+^
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro 'THREAD_LOCAL'
+#  define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local
+                       ^
+In file included from /var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:28:
+In file included from /var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/ring.h:29:
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/typer.h:84:1: error: thread-local storage is not supported for the current target
+THREAD_LOCAL OB_EXTERN OBAromaticTyper  aromtyper;
+^
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro 'THREAD_LOCAL'
+#  define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local
+                       ^
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:107:10: error: thread-local storage is not supported for the current target
+  extern THREAD_LOCAL OBAromaticTyper  aromtyper;
+         ^
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro 'THREAD_LOCAL'
+#  define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local
+                       ^
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:108:10: error: thread-local storage is not supported for the current target
+  extern THREAD_LOCAL OBAtomTyper      atomtyper;
+         ^
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro 'THREAD_LOCAL'
+#  define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local
+                       ^
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/src/atom.cpp:109:10: error: thread-local storage is not supported for the current target
+  extern THREAD_LOCAL OBPhModel        phmodel;
+         ^
+/var/root/obabel/ob-src/include/openbabel/mol.h:35:24: note: expanded from macro 'THREAD_LOCAL'
+#  define THREAD_LOCAL thread_local
+                       ^
+5 errors generated.
+make[2]: *** [src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/build.make:76: src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/atom.cpp.o] Error 1
+make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:1085: src/CMakeFiles/openbabel.dir/all] Error 2
+make: *** [Makefile:129: all] Error 2
+

Strange but it is alright, there is nothing that hasn't been answered on the internet.

I did a little digging around and could not find a solution 😔

As a temporary fix, I disabled multithreading by going and commenting the lines in the source code.

Packaging as a deb

This was pretty straight forward, I tried installing it on my iPad and it was working pretty smoothly.

Moment of Truth

So I airdropped the .deb to my phone and tried installing it, the installation was succesful but when I tried obabel it just abborted with syscall 9

Turns out because I had created an install target of a seprate folder while compiling, the binaries were refferencing a non-existing dylib rather than those in the /usr/lib folder. As a quick workaround I transferred the deb folder to my laptop and used otool and install_name tool: install_name_tool -change /var/root/obabel/ob-build/lib/libopenbabel.7.dylib /usr/lib/libopenbabel.7.dylib for all the executables and then signed them using jtool

I then installed it and everything went smoothly, I even ran obabel and it executed perfectly, showing the version number 3.1.0 ✌️ Ahh, smooth victory.

Nope. When I tried converting from SMILES to pdbqt, it gave an error saying plugin not found. This was weird. So I just copied the entire build folder from my iPad to my phone and tried runnig it. Oops, Apple Sandbox Error, Oh no!

I spent 2 hours around this problem, only to see the documentation and relaise I hadn't setup the environment variable 🤦‍♂️

The Final Fix ( For Now )

export BABEL_DATADIR="/usr/share/openbabel/3.1.0"
+export BABEL_LIBDIR="/usr/lib/openbabel/3.1.0"
+

This was the tragedy of trying to compile something without knowing enough about compiling. It is 11:30 as of writing this. Something as trivial as this should not have taken me so long. Am I going to try to compile AutoDock Vina next? 🤔 Maybe.

Also, if you want to try Open Babel on you jailbroken iDevice, install the package from my repository ( You, need to run the above mentioned final fix :p ). This was tested on iOS 13.5, I cannot tell if it will work on others or not.

Hopefully, I add some more screenshots to this post.

Fixing X11 Error on macOS Catalina for AmberTools 18/19

Mon, 13 Apr 2020 11:41:00 +0530

Fixing X11 Error on macOS Catalina for AmberTools 18/19

Error:

Could not find the X11 libraries; you may need to edit config.h
+   to set the XHOME and XLIBS variables.
+Error: The X11 libraries are not in the usual location !
+       To search for them try the command: locate libXt
+       On new Fedora OS's install the libXt-devel libXext-devel
+       libX11-devel libICE-devel libSM-devel packages.
+       On old Fedora OS's install the xorg-x11-devel package.
+       On RedHat OS's install the XFree86-devel package.
+       On Ubuntu OS's install the xorg-dev and xserver-xorg packages.
+
+          ...more info for various linuxes at ambermd.org/ubuntu.html
+
+       To build Amber without XLEaP, re-run configure with '-noX11:
+            ./configure -noX11 --with-python /usr/local/bin/python3 -macAccelerate clang
+Configure failed due to the errors above!
+

I searcehd on Google for a solution on their, sadly there was not even a single thread which had a solution about this error.

The Fix

Simply reinstalling XQuartz using homebrew fixed the error brew cask reinstall xquartz

If you do not have xquartz installed, you need to run brew cask install xquartz

Possible Drug Candidates for COVID-19

Tue, 17 Mar 2020 17:40:00 +0530

Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?

Sat, 14 Mar 2020 22:23:00 +0530

Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?

This is still a pre-print.

Download paper here

Recommended citation:

APA

Chauhan, N. (2020, March 15). Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?. https://doi.org/10.35543/osf.io/9um2r
+

MLA

Chauhan, Navan. “Is It Possible to Programmatically Generate Vaporwave?.” IndiaRxiv, 15 Mar. 2020. Web.
+

Chicago

Chauhan, Navan. 2020. “Is It Possible to Programmatically Generate Vaporwave?.” IndiaRxiv. March 15. doi:10.35543/osf.io/9um2r.
+

Bibtex

@misc{chauhan_2020,
+ title={Is it possible to programmatically generate Vaporwave?},
+ url={indiarxiv.org/9um2r},
+ DOI={10.35543/osf.io/9um2r},
+ publisher={IndiaRxiv},
+ author={Chauhan, Navan},
+ year={2020},
+ month={Mar}
+}
+

Making My First Vaporwave Track (Remix)

Sun, 8 Mar 2020 23:17:00 +0530

Making My First Vaporwave Track (Remix)

I finally completed my first quick and dirty vaporwave remix of "I Want It That Way" by the Backstreet Boys

V A P O R W A V E

How to Vaporwave

The first track which is considered to be actual Vaporwave is Ramona Xavier's Macintosh Plus, this unspokenly set the the guidelines for making Vaporwave

Take a 1980s RnB song
Slow it down
Add Bass and Trebble
Add again
Add Reverb ( make sure its wet )

There you have your very own Vaporwave track.

( Now, there are some tracks being produced which are not remixes and are original )

My Remix

Where is the Programming?

Tinkering with an Android TV

Tue, 3 Mar 2020 18:37:00 +0530

Tinkering with an Android TV

So I have an Android TV, this posts covers everything I have tried on it

Getting TV's IP Address
Enable Developer Settings
Enable ADB
Connect ADB
Manipulating Packages

IP-Address

These steps should be similar for all Android-TVs

Go To Settings
Go to Network
Advanced Settings
Network Status
Note Down IP-Address

The other option is to go to your router's server page and get connected devices

Developer-Settings

Go To Settings
About
Continously click on the "Build" option until it says "You are a Developer"

Enable-ADB

Go to Settings
Go to Developer Options
Scroll untill you find ADB Debugging and enable that option

Connect-ADB

Open Terminal (Make sure you have ADB installed)
Enter the following command adb connect
To test the connection run adb logcat

Manipulating Apps / Packages

Listing Packages

adb shell
pm list packages

Installing Packages

adb install -r package.apk

Uninstalling Packages

adb uninstall com.company.yourpackagename

How to setup Bluetooth on a Raspberry Pi

Sun, 19 Jan 2020 15:27:00 +0530

How to setup Bluetooth on a Raspberry Pi

This was tested on a Raspberry Pi Zero W

Enter in the Bluetooth Mode

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ bluetoothctl

[bluetooth]# agent on

[bluetooth]# default-agent

[bluetooth]# scan on

To Pair

While being in bluetooth mode

[bluetooth]# pair XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

To Exit out of bluetoothctl anytime, just type exit

Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Turicreate to detect Smoke and Fire

Thu, 16 Jan 2020 10:36:00 +0530

Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Turicreate to detect Smoke and Fire

For setting up Kaggle with Google Colab, please refer to my previous post

Dataset

Mounting Google Drive

import os
 from google.colab import drive
 drive.mount('/content/drive')
-
-
-

Downloading Dataset from Kaggle

os.environ['KAGGLE_CONFIG_DIR'] = "/content/drive/My Drive/"
+

Downloading Dataset from Kaggle

os.environ['KAGGLE_CONFIG_DIR'] = "/content/drive/My Drive/"
 !kaggle datasets download ashutosh69/fire-and-smoke-dataset
 !unzip "fire-and-smoke-dataset.zip"
-
-
-

Pre-Processing

!mkdir default smoke fire
-
-
-

!ls data/data/img_data/train/default/*.jpg
-
-
-

img_1002.jpg   img_20.jpg     img_519.jpg     img_604.jpg       img_80.jpg
+

Pre-Processing

!mkdir default smoke fire
+

!ls data/data/img_data/train/default/*.jpg
+

img_1002.jpg   img_20.jpg     img_519.jpg     img_604.jpg       img_80.jpg
 img_1003.jpg   img_21.jpg     img_51.jpg     img_60.jpg       img_8.jpg
 img_1007.jpg   img_22.jpg     img_520.jpg     img_61.jpg       img_900.jpg
 img_100.jpg    img_23.jpg     img_521.jpg    'img_62 (2).jpg'   img_920.jpg
@@ -84,49 +108,39 @@
 img_204.jpg    img_501.jpg    img_601.jpg     img_78.jpg
 img_205.jpg    img_502.jpg    img_602.jpg     img_79.jpg
 img_206.jpg    img_50.jpg     img_603.jpg     img_7.jpg
-
-
-

The image files are not actually JPEG, thus we first need to save them in the correct format for Turicreate

from PIL import Image
+

The image files are not actually JPEG, thus we first need to save them in the correct format for Turicreate

from PIL import Image
 import glob
 
 
 folders = ["default","smoke","fire"]
 for folder in folders:
   n = 1
-  for file in glob.glob("./data/data/img_data/train/" + folder + "/*.jpg"):
-    im = Image.open(file)
+  for file in glob.glob("./data/data/img_data/train/" + folder + "/*.jpg"):
+    im = Image.open(file)
     rgb_im = im.convert('RGB')
     rgb_im.save((folder + "/" + str(n) + ".jpg"), quality=100)
     n +=1 
-  for file in glob.glob("./data/data/img_data/train/" + folder + "/*.jpg"):
-    im = Image.open(file)
+  for file in glob.glob("./data/data/img_data/train/" + folder + "/*.jpg"):
+    im = Image.open(file)
     rgb_im = im.convert('RGB')
     rgb_im.save((folder + "/" + str(n) + ".jpg"), quality=100)
     n +=1
-
-
-

!mkdir train
+

!mkdir train
 !mv default ./train
 !mv smoke ./train
 !mv fire ./train
-
-
-

Making the Image Classifier

Making an SFrame

!pip install turicreate
-
-
-

import turicreate as tc
+

Making the Image Classifier

Making an SFrame

!pip install turicreate
+

import turicreate as tc
 import os
 
-data = tc.image_analysis.load_images("./train", with_path=True)
+data = tc.image_analysis.load_images("./train", with_path=True)
 
 data["label"] = data["path"].apply(lambda path: os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(path)))
 
-print(data)
+print(data)
 
 data.save('fire-smoke.sframe')
-
-
-

+-------------------------+------------------------+
+

+-------------------------+------------------------+
 |           path          |         image          |
 +-------------------------+------------------------+
 |  ./train/default/1.jpg  | Height: 224 Width: 224 |
@@ -160,9 +174,7 @@
 [2028 rows x 3 columns]
 Note: Only the head of the SFrame is printed.
 You can use print_rows(num_rows=m, num_columns=n) to print more rows and columns.
-
-
-

Making the Model

import turicreate as tc
+

Making the Model

import turicreate as tc
 
 # Load the data
 data =  tc.SFrame('fire-smoke.sframe')
@@ -178,16 +190,14 @@
 
 # Evaluate the model and print the results
 metrics = model.evaluate(test_data)
-print(metrics['accuracy'])
+print(metrics['accuracy'])
 
 # Save the model for later use in Turi Create
 model.save('fire-smoke.model')
 
 # Export for use in Core ML
 model.export_coreml('fire-smoke.mlmodel')
-
-
-

Performing feature extraction on resized images...
+

Performing feature extraction on resized images...
 Completed   64/1633
 Completed  128/1633
 Completed  192/1633
@@ -245,17 +255,11 @@
 Completed 384/395
 Completed 395/395
 0.9316455696202531
-
-
-

We just got an accuracy of 94% on Training Data and 97% on Validation Data!

Setting up Kaggle to use with Google Colab

Wed, 15 Jan 2020 23:36:00 +0530

Setting up Kaggle to use with Google Colab

In order to be able to access Kaggle Datasets, you will need to have an account on Kaggle (which is Free)

Grabbing Our Tokens

Go to Kaggle

Click on your User Profile and Click on My Account

Scroll Down untill you see Create New API Token

This will download your token as a JSON file

Copy the File to the root folder of your Google Drive

Setting up Colab

Mounting Google Drive

import os
+

We just got an accuracy of 94% on Training Data and 97% on Validation Data!

Setting up Kaggle to use with Google Colab

Wed, 15 Jan 2020 23:36:00 +0530

Setting up Kaggle to use with Google Colab

In order to be able to access Kaggle Datasets, you will need to have an account on Kaggle (which is Free)

Grabbing Our Tokens

Go to Kaggle

Click on your User Profile and Click on My Account

Scroll Down untill you see Create New API Token

This will download your token as a JSON file

Copy the File to the root folder of your Google Drive

Setting up Colab

Mounting Google Drive

import os
 from google.colab import drive
 drive.mount('/content/drive')
-
-
-

After this click on the URL in the output section, login and then paste the Auth Code

Configuring Kaggle

os.environ['KAGGLE_CONFIG_DIR'] = "/content/drive/My Drive/"
-
-
-

Voila! You can now download kaggel datasets

Converting between image and NumPy array

Tue, 14 Jan 2020 00:10:00 +0530

Converting between image and NumPy array

import numpy
+

After this click on the URL in the output section, login and then paste the Auth Code

Configuring Kaggle

os.environ['KAGGLE_CONFIG_DIR'] = "/content/drive/My Drive/"
+

Voila! You can now download kaggel datasets

Converting between image and NumPy array

Tue, 14 Jan 2020 00:10:00 +0530

Converting between image and NumPy array

import numpy
 import PIL
 
 # Convert PIL Image to NumPy array
@@ -264,45 +268,27 @@
 
 # Convert array to Image
 img = PIL.Image.fromarray(arr)
-
-
-

Saving an Image

try:
-    img.save(destination, "JPEG", quality=80, optimize=True, progressive=True)
+

Saving an Image

try:
+    img.save(destination, "JPEG", quality=80, optimize=True, progressive=True)
 except IOError:
     PIL.ImageFile.MAXBLOCK = img.size[0] * img.size[1]
-    img.save(destination, "JPEG", quality=80, optimize=True, progressive=True)
-
-
-

Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate

Sun, 22 Dec 2019 11:10:00 +0530

Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate

In this tutorial we will build a fake news detecting app from scratch, using Turicreate for the machine learning model and SwiftUI for building the app

Note: These commands are written as if you are running a jupyter notebook.

Building the Machine Learning Model

Data Gathering

To build a classifier, you need a lot of data. George McIntire (GH: @joolsa) has created a wonderful dataset containing the headline, body and wheter it is fake or real. Whenever you are looking for a dataset, always try searching on Kaggle and GitHub before you start building your own

Dependencies

I used a Google Colab instance for training my model. If you also plan on using Google Colab then I reccomend choosing a GPU Instance (It is Free) This allows you to train the model on the GPU. Turicreat is built on top of Apache's MXNet Framework, for us to use GPU we need to install a CUDA compatible MXNet package.

!pip install turicreate
+    img.save(destination, "JPEG", quality=80, optimize=True, progressive=True)
+

Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate

Sun, 22 Dec 2019 11:10:00 +0530

Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate

In this tutorial we will build a fake news detecting app from scratch, using Turicreate for the machine learning model and SwiftUI for building the app

Note: These commands are written as if you are running a jupyter notebook.

Building the Machine Learning Model

Data Gathering

Dependencies

!pip install turicreate
 !pip uninstall -y mxnet
 !pip install mxnet-cu100==1.4.0.post0
-
-
-

If you do not wish to train on GPU or are running it on your computer, you can ignore the last two lines

Downloading the Dataset

!wget -q "https://github.com/joolsa/fake_real_news_dataset/raw/master/fake_or_real_news.csv.zip"
+

If you do not wish to train on GPU or are running it on your computer, you can ignore the last two lines

Downloading the Dataset

!wget -q "https://github.com/joolsa/fake_real_news_dataset/raw/master/fake_or_real_news.csv.zip"
 !unzip fake_or_real_news.csv.zip
-
-
-

Model Creation

import turicreate as tc
+

Model Creation

import turicreate as tc
 tc.config.set_num_gpus(-1) # If you do not wish to use GPUs, set it to 0
-
-
-

dataSFrame = tc.SFrame('fake_or_real_news.csv')
-
-
-

The dataset contains a column named "X1", which is of no use to us. Therefore, we simply drop it

dataSFrame.remove_column('X1')
-
-
-

Splitting Dataset

train, test = dataSFrame.random_split(.9)
-
-
-

Training

model = tc.text_classifier.create(
+

dataSFrame = tc.SFrame('fake_or_real_news.csv')
+

The dataset contains a column named "X1", which is of no use to us. Therefore, we simply drop it

dataSFrame.remove_column('X1')
+

Splitting Dataset

train, test = dataSFrame.random_split(.9)
+

Training

model = tc.text_classifier.create(
     dataset=train,
     target='label',
     features=['title','text']
 )
-
-
-

+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+

+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
 | Iteration | Passes   | Step size | Elapsed Time | Training Accuracy | Validation Accuracy |
 +-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
 | 0         | 2        | 1.000000  | 1.156349     | 0.889680          | 0.790036            |
@@ -312,35 +298,23 @@
 | 4         | 8        | 1.000000  | 1.814194     | 0.999063          | 0.925267            |
 | 9         | 14       | 1.000000  | 2.507072     | 1.000000          | 0.911032            |
 +-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+
-
-
-

Testing the Model

est_predictions = model.predict(test)
+

Testing the Model

est_predictions = model.predict(test)
 accuracy = tc.evaluation.accuracy(test['label'], test_predictions)
-print(f'Topic classifier model has a testing accuracy of {accuracy*100}% ', flush=True)
-
-
-

Topic classifier model has a testing accuracy of 92.3076923076923%
-
-
-

We have just created our own Fake News Detection Model which has an accuracy of 92%!

example_text = {"title": ["Middling ‘Rise Of Skywalker’ Review Leaves Fan On Fence About Whether To Threaten To Kill Critic"], "text": ["Expressing ambivalence toward the relatively balanced appraisal of the film, Star Wars fan Miles Ariely admitted Thursday that an online publication’s middling review of The Rise Of Skywalker had left him on the fence about whether he would still threaten to kill the critic who wrote it. “I’m really of two minds about this, because on the one hand, he said the new movie fails to live up to the original trilogy, which makes me at least want to throw a brick through his window with a note telling him to watch his back,” said Ariely, confirming he had already drafted an eight-page-long death threat to Stan Corimer of the website Screen-On Time, but had not yet decided whether to post it to the reviewer’s Facebook page. “On the other hand, though, he commended J.J. Abrams’ skillful pacing and faithfulness to George Lucas’ vision, which makes me wonder if I should just call the whole thing off. Now, I really don’t feel like camping outside his house for hours. Maybe I could go with a response that’s somewhere in between, like, threatening to kill his dog but not everyone in his whole family? I don’t know. This is a tough one.” At press time, sources reported that Ariely had resolved to wear his Ewok costume while he murdered the critic in his sleep."]}
+print(f'Topic classifier model has a testing accuracy of {accuracy*100}% ', flush=True)
+

Topic classifier model has a testing accuracy of 92.3076923076923%
+

We have just created our own Fake News Detection Model which has an accuracy of 92%!

example_text = {"title": ["Middling ‘Rise Of Skywalker’ Review Leaves Fan On Fence About Whether To Threaten To Kill Critic"], "text": ["Expressing ambivalence toward the relatively balanced appraisal of the film, Star Wars fan Miles Ariely admitted Thursday that an online publication’s middling review of The Rise Of Skywalker had left him on the fence about whether he would still threaten to kill the critic who wrote it. “I’m really of two minds about this, because on the one hand, he said the new movie fails to live up to the original trilogy, which makes me at least want to throw a brick through his window with a note telling him to watch his back,” said Ariely, confirming he had already drafted an eight-page-long death threat to Stan Corimer of the website Screen-On Time, but had not yet decided whether to post it to the reviewer’s Facebook page. “On the other hand, though, he commended J.J. Abrams’ skillful pacing and faithfulness to George Lucas’ vision, which makes me wonder if I should just call the whole thing off. Now, I really don’t feel like camping outside his house for hours. Maybe I could go with a response that’s somewhere in between, like, threatening to kill his dog but not everyone in his whole family? I don’t know. This is a tough one.” At press time, sources reported that Ariely had resolved to wear his Ewok costume while he murdered the critic in his sleep."]}
 example_prediction = model.classify(tc.SFrame(example_text))
-print(example_prediction, flush=True)
-
-
-

+-------+--------------------+
+print(example_prediction, flush=True)
+

+-------+--------------------+
 | class |    probability     |
 +-------+--------------------+
 |  FAKE | 0.9245648658345308 |
 +-------+--------------------+
 [1 rows x 2 columns]
-
-
-

Exporting the Model

model_name = 'FakeNews'
+

Exporting the Model

model_name = 'FakeNews'
 coreml_model_name = model_name + '.mlmodel'
 exportedModel = model.export_coreml(coreml_model_name)
-
-
-

Note: To download files from Google Volab, simply click on the files section in the sidebar, right click on filename and then click on downlaod

Link to Colab Notebook

Building the App using SwiftUI

Initial Setup

First we create a single view app (make sure you check the use SwiftUI button)

Then we copy our .mlmodel file to our project (Just drag and drop the file in the XCode Files Sidebar)

Our ML Model does not take a string directly as an input, rather it takes bag of words as an input. DescriptionThe bag-of-words model is a simplifying representation used in NLP, in this text is represented as a bag of words, without any regatd of grammar or order, but noting multiplicity

We define our bag of words function

func bow(text: String) -> [String: Double] {
+

Note: To download files from Google Volab, simply click on the files section in the sidebar, right click on filename and then click on downlaod

Link to Colab Notebook

Building the App using SwiftUI

Initial Setup

First we create a single view app (make sure you check the use SwiftUI button)

Then we copy our .mlmodel file to our project (Just drag and drop the file in the XCode Files Sidebar)

We define our bag of words function

func bow(text: String) -> [String: Double] {
         var bagOfWords = [String: Double]()
         
         let tagger = NSLinguisticTagger(tagSchemes: [.tokenType], options: 0)
@@ -359,16 +333,12 @@
         
         return bagOfWords
     }
-
-
-

We also declare our variables

@State private var title: String = ""
+

We also declare our variables

@State private var title: String = ""
 @State private var headline: String = ""
 @State private var alertTitle = ""
 @State private var alertText = ""
 @State private var showingAlert = false
-
-
-

Finally, we implement a simple function which reads the two text fields, creates their bag of words representation and displays an alert with the appropriate result

Complete Code

import SwiftUI
+

Finally, we implement a simple function which reads the two text fields, creates their bag of words representation and displays an alert with the appropriate result

Complete Code

import SwiftUI
 
 struct ContentView: View {
     @State private var title: String = ""
@@ -443,33 +413,19 @@
         ContentView()
     }
 }
-
-
-

Polynomial Regression Using TensorFlow

Mon, 16 Dec 2019 14:16:00 +0530

Polynomial Regression Using TensorFlow

In this tutorial you will learn about polynomial regression and how you can implement it in Tensorflow.

In this, we will be performing polynomial regression using 5 types of equations -

Linear
Quadratic
Cubic
Quartic
Quintic

Regression

What is Regression?

Regression is a statistical measurement that is used to try to determine the relationship between a dependent variable (often denoted by Y), and series of varying variables (called independent variables, often denoted by X ).

What is Polynomial Regression

This is a form of Regression Analysis where the relationship between Y and X is denoted as the nth degree/power of X. Polynomial regression even fits a non-linear relationship (e.g when the points don't form a straight line).

Imports

import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
+

Polynomial Regression Using TensorFlow

Mon, 16 Dec 2019 14:16:00 +0530

Polynomial Regression Using TensorFlow

In this tutorial you will learn about polynomial regression and how you can implement it in Tensorflow.

In this, we will be performing polynomial regression using 5 types of equations -

Linear
Quadratic
Cubic
Quartic
Quintic

Regression

What is Regression?

What is Polynomial Regression

Imports

import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
 tf.disable_v2_behavior()
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
-
-
-

Dataset

Creating Random Data

Even though in this tutorial we will use a Position Vs Salary datasset, it is important to know how to create synthetic data

To create 50 values spaced evenly between 0 and 50, we use NumPy's linspace funtion

linspace(lower_limit, upper_limit, no_of_observations)

x = np.linspace(0, 50, 50)
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+

Dataset

Creating Random Data

Even though in this tutorial we will use a Position Vs Salary datasset, it is important to know how to create synthetic data

To create 50 values spaced evenly between 0 and 50, we use NumPy's linspace funtion

linspace(lower_limit, upper_limit, no_of_observations)

x = np.linspace(0, 50, 50)
 y = np.linspace(0, 50, 50)
-
-
-

We use the following function to add noise to the data, so that our values

x += np.random.uniform(-4, 4, 50)
+

We use the following function to add noise to the data, so that our values

x += np.random.uniform(-4, 4, 50)
 y += np.random.uniform(-4, 4, 50)
-
-
-

Position vs Salary Dataset

We will be using https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tNL4jxZEfpaP4oflfSn6pIHJX7Pachm9/view (Salary vs Position Dataset)

!wget --no-check-certificate 'https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=1tNL4jxZEfpaP4oflfSn6pIHJX7Pachm9' -O data.csv
-
-
-

df = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
-
-
-

df # this gives us a preview of the dataset we are working with
-
-
-

| Position          | Level | Salary  |
+

Position vs Salary Dataset

We will be using https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tNL4jxZEfpaP4oflfSn6pIHJX7Pachm9/view (Salary vs Position Dataset)

!wget --no-check-certificate 'https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=1tNL4jxZEfpaP4oflfSn6pIHJX7Pachm9' -O data.csv
+

df = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
+

df # this gives us a preview of the dataset we are working with
+

| Position          | Level | Salary  |
 |-------------------|-------|---------|
 | Business Analyst  | 1     | 45000   |
 | Junior Consultant | 2     | 50000   |
@@ -481,77 +437,55 @@
 | Senior Partner    | 8     | 300000  |
 | C-level           | 9     | 500000  |
 | CEO               | 10    | 1000000 |
-
-
-

We convert the salary column as the ordinate (y-cordinate) and level column as the abscissa

abscissa = df["Level"].to_list() # abscissa = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
+

We convert the salary column as the ordinate (y-cordinate) and level column as the abscissa

abscissa = df["Level"].to_list() # abscissa = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
 ordinate = df["Salary"].to_list() # ordinate = [45000,50000,60000,80000,110000,150000,200000,300000,500000,1000000]
-
-
-

n = len(abscissa) # no of observations
+

n = len(abscissa) # no of observations
 plt.scatter(abscissa, ordinate)
 plt.ylabel('Salary')
 plt.xlabel('Position')
 plt.title("Salary vs Position")
 plt.show()
-
-
-

Defining Stuff

X = tf.placeholder("float")
+

Defining Stuff

X = tf.placeholder("float")
 Y = tf.placeholder("float")
-
-
-

Defining Variables

We first define all the coefficients and constant as tensorflow variables haveing a random intitial value

a = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "a")
+

Defining Variables

We first define all the coefficients and constant as tensorflow variables haveing a random intitial value

a = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "a")
 b = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "b")
 c = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "c")
 d = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "d")
 e = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "e")
 f = tf.Variable(np.random.randn(), name = "f")
-
-
-

Model Configuration

learning_rate = 0.2
+

Model Configuration

learning_rate = 0.2
 no_of_epochs = 25000
-
-
-

Equations

deg1 = a*X + b
+

Equations

deg1 = a*X + b
 deg2 = a*tf.pow(X,2) + b*X + c
 deg3 = a*tf.pow(X,3) + b*tf.pow(X,2) + c*X + d
 deg4 = a*tf.pow(X,4) + b*tf.pow(X,3) + c*tf.pow(X,2) + d*X + e
 deg5 = a*tf.pow(X,5) + b*tf.pow(X,4) + c*tf.pow(X,3) + d*tf.pow(X,2) + e*X + f
-
-
-

Cost Function

We use the Mean Squared Error Function

mse1 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg1-Y,2))/(2*n)
+

Cost Function

We use the Mean Squared Error Function

mse1 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg1-Y,2))/(2*n)
 mse2 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg2-Y,2))/(2*n)
 mse3 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg3-Y,2))/(2*n)
 mse4 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg4-Y,2))/(2*n)
 mse5 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(deg5-Y,2))/(2*n)
-
-
-

Optimizer

We use the AdamOptimizer for the polynomial functions and GradientDescentOptimizer for the linear function

optimizer1 = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse1)
+

Optimizer

We use the AdamOptimizer for the polynomial functions and GradientDescentOptimizer for the linear function

optimizer1 = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse1)
 optimizer2 = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse2)
 optimizer3 = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse3)
 optimizer4 = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse4)
 optimizer5 = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(mse5)
-
-
-

init=tf.global_variables_initializer()
-
-
-

Model Predictions

For each type of equation first we make the model predict the values of the coefficient(s) and constant, once we get these values we use it to predict the Y values using the X values. We then plot it to compare the actual data and predicted line.

Linear Equation

with tf.Session() as sess:
+

init=tf.global_variables_initializer()
+

Model Predictions

Linear Equation

with tf.Session() as sess:
     sess.run(init)
     for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
       for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
         sess.run(optimizer1, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
       if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
         cost = sess.run(mse1,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
-        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b))
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b))
 
         training_cost = sess.run(mse1,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
         coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
         constant = sess.run(b)
 
-print(training_cost, coefficient1, constant)
-
-
-

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
+print(training_cost, coefficient1, constant)
+

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
 Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
 Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
 Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
@@ -577,9 +511,7 @@
 Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
 Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 88999125000.0  a,b: 180396.42 -478869.12
 88999125000.0 180396.42 -478869.12
-
-
-

predictions = []
+

predictions = []
 for x in abscissa:
   predictions.append((coefficient1*x + constant))
 plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
@@ -587,26 +519,22 @@
 plt.title('Linear Regression Result')
 plt.legend()
 plt.show()
-
-
-

Quadratic Equation

with tf.Session() as sess:
+

Quadratic Equation

with tf.Session() as sess:
     sess.run(init)
     for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
       for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
         sess.run(optimizer2, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
       if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
         cost = sess.run(mse2,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
-        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c))
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c))
 
         training_cost = sess.run(mse2,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
         coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
         coefficient2 = sess.run(b)
         constant = sess.run(c)
 
-print(training_cost, coefficient1, coefficient2, constant)
-
-
-

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 52571360000.0  a,b,c: 1002.4456 1097.0197 1276.6921
+print(training_cost, coefficient1, coefficient2, constant)
+

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 52571360000.0  a,b,c: 1002.4456 1097.0197 1276.6921
 Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 37798890000.0  a,b,c: 1952.4263 2130.2825 2469.7756
 Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 26751185000.0  a,b,c: 2839.5825 3081.6118 3554.351
 Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 19020106000.0  a,b,c: 3644.56 3922.9563 4486.3135
@@ -632,9 +560,7 @@
 Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 8088001000.0  a,b,c: 6632.96 3399.878 -79.89219
 Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 8058094600.0  a,b,c: 6659.793 3227.2517 -463.03156
 8058094600.0 6659.793 3227.2517 -463.03156
-
-
-

predictions = []
+

predictions = []
 for x in abscissa:
   predictions.append((coefficient1*pow(x,2) + coefficient2*x + constant))
 plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
@@ -642,16 +568,14 @@
 plt.title('Quadratic Regression Result')
 plt.legend()
 plt.show()
-
-
-

Cubic

with tf.Session() as sess:
+

Cubic

with tf.Session() as sess:
     sess.run(init)
     for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
       for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
         sess.run(optimizer3, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
       if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
         cost = sess.run(mse3,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
-        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c,d:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c),sess.run(d))
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c,d:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c),sess.run(d))
 
         training_cost = sess.run(mse3,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
         coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
@@ -659,10 +583,8 @@
         coefficient3 = sess.run(c)
         constant = sess.run(d)
 
-print(training_cost, coefficient1, coefficient2, coefficient3, constant)
-
-
-

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 4279814000.0  a,b,c,d: 670.1527 694.4212 751.4653 903.9527
+print(training_cost, coefficient1, coefficient2, coefficient3, constant)
+

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 4279814000.0  a,b,c,d: 670.1527 694.4212 751.4653 903.9527
 Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 3770950400.0  a,b,c,d: 742.6414 666.3489 636.94525 859.2088
 Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 3717708300.0  a,b,c,d: 756.2582 569.3339 448.105 748.23956
 Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 3667464000.0  a,b,c,d: 769.4476 474.0318 265.5761 654.75525
@@ -688,9 +610,7 @@
 Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 3070361300.0  a,b,c,d: 975.52875 -1095.4292 -2211.854 1847.4485
 Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 3052791300.0  a,b,c,d: 983.4346 -1159.7922 -2286.9412 2027.4857
 3052791300.0 983.4346 -1159.7922 -2286.9412 2027.4857
-
-
-

predictions = []
+

predictions = []
 for x in abscissa:
   predictions.append((coefficient1*pow(x,3) + coefficient2*pow(x,2) + coefficient3*x + constant))
 plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
@@ -698,16 +618,14 @@
 plt.title('Cubic Regression Result')
 plt.legend()
 plt.show()
-
-
-

Quartic

with tf.Session() as sess:
+

Quartic

with tf.Session() as sess:
     sess.run(init)
     for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
       for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
         sess.run(optimizer4, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
       if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
         cost = sess.run(mse4,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
-        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c,d:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c),sess.run(d),sess.run(e))
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c,d:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c),sess.run(d),sess.run(e))
 
         training_cost = sess.run(mse4,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
         coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
@@ -716,10 +634,8 @@
         coefficient4 = sess.run(d)
         constant = sess.run(e)
 
-print(training_cost, coefficient1, coefficient2, coefficient3, coefficient4, constant)
-
-
-

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 1902632600.0  a,b,c,d: 84.48304 52.210594 54.791424 142.51952 512.0343
+print(training_cost, coefficient1, coefficient2, coefficient3, coefficient4, constant)
+

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 1902632600.0  a,b,c,d: 84.48304 52.210594 54.791424 142.51952 512.0343
 Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 1854316200.0  a,b,c,d: 88.998955 13.073557 14.276088 223.55667 1056.4655
 Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 1812812400.0  a,b,c,d: 92.9462 -22.331177 -15.262934 327.41858 1634.9054
 Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 1775716000.0  a,b,c,d: 96.42522 -54.64535 -35.829437 449.5028 2239.1392
@@ -745,9 +661,7 @@
 Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 1252052600.0  a,b,c,d: 135.9583 -493.38254 90.268616 3764.0078 15010.481
 Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 1231713700.0  a,b,c,d: 137.54753 -512.1876 101.59372 3926.4897 15609.368
 1231713700.0 137.54753 -512.1876 101.59372 3926.4897 15609.368
-
-
-

predictions = []
+

predictions = []
 for x in abscissa:
   predictions.append((coefficient1*pow(x,4) + coefficient2*pow(x,3) + coefficient3*pow(x,2) + coefficient4*x + constant))
 plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
@@ -755,16 +669,14 @@
 plt.title('Quartic Regression Result')
 plt.legend()
 plt.show()
-
-
-

Quintic

with tf.Session() as sess:
+

Quintic

with tf.Session() as sess:
     sess.run(init)
     for epoch in range(no_of_epochs):
       for (x,y) in zip(abscissa, ordinate):
         sess.run(optimizer5, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y})
       if (epoch+1)%1000==0:
         cost = sess.run(mse5,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
-        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c,d,e,f:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c),sess.run(d),sess.run(e),sess.run(f))
+        print("Epoch",(epoch+1), ": Training Cost:", cost," a,b,c,d,e,f:",sess.run(a),sess.run(b),sess.run(c),sess.run(d),sess.run(e),sess.run(f))
 
         training_cost = sess.run(mse5,feed_dict={X:abscissa,Y:ordinate})
         coefficient1 = sess.run(a)
@@ -773,9 +685,7 @@
         coefficient4 = sess.run(d)
         coefficient5 = sess.run(e)
         constant = sess.run(f)
-
-
-

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 1409200100.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 7.949472 7.46219 55.626034 184.29028 484.00223 1024.0083
+

Epoch 1000 : Training Cost: 1409200100.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 7.949472 7.46219 55.626034 184.29028 484.00223 1024.0083
 Epoch 2000 : Training Cost: 1306882400.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 8.732181 -4.0085897 73.25298 315.90103 904.08887 2004.9749
 Epoch 3000 : Training Cost: 1212606000.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 9.732249 -16.90125 86.28379 437.06552 1305.055 2966.2188
 Epoch 4000 : Training Cost: 1123640400.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 10.74851 -29.82692 98.59997 555.331 1698.4631 3917.9155
@@ -801,9 +711,7 @@
 Epoch 24000 : Training Cost: 229660080.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 27.102589 -238.44817 309.35342 2420.4185 7770.5728 19536.19
 Epoch 25000 : Training Cost: 216972400.0  a,b,c,d,e,f: 27.660324 -245.69016 318.10062 2483.3608 7957.354 20027.707
 216972400.0 27.660324 -245.69016 318.10062 2483.3608 7957.354 20027.707
-
-
-

predictions = []
+

predictions = []
 for x in abscissa:
   predictions.append((coefficient1*pow(x,5) + coefficient2*pow(x,4) + coefficient3*pow(x,3) + coefficient4*pow(x,2) + coefficient5*x + constant))
 plt.plot(abscissa , ordinate, 'ro', label ='Original data')
@@ -811,49 +719,29 @@
 plt.title('Quintic Regression Result')
 plt.legend()
 plt.show()
-
-
-

Results and Conclusion

You just learnt Polynomial Regression using TensorFlow!

Notes

Overfitting

> Overfitting refers to a model that models the training data too well.Overfitting happens when a model learns the detail and noise in the training data to the extent that it negatively impacts the performance of the model on new data. This means that the noise or random fluctuations in the training data is picked up and learned as concepts by the model. The problem is that these concepts do not apply to new data and negatively impact the models ability to generalize.

Source: Machine Learning Mastery

Basically if you train your machine learning model on a small dataset for a really large number of epochs, the model will learn all the deformities/noise in the data and will actually think that it is a normal part. Therefore when it will see some new data, it will discard that new data as noise and will impact the accuracy of the model in a negative manner

Making Predictions using Image Classifier (TensorFlow)

Tue, 10 Dec 2019 11:10:00 +0530

Making Predictions using Image Classifier (TensorFlow)

This was tested on TF 2.x and works as of 2019-12-10

If you want to understand how to make your own custom image classifier, please refer to my previous post.

If you followed my last post, then you created a model which took an image of dimensions 50x50 as an input.

First we import the following if we have not imported these before

import cv2
+

Results and Conclusion

You just learnt Polynomial Regression using TensorFlow!

Notes

Overfitting

> Overfitting refers to a model that models the training data too well.Overfitting happens when a model learns the detail and noise in the training data to the extent that it negatively impacts the performance of the model on new data. This means that the noise or random fluctuations in the training data is picked up and learned as concepts by the model. The problem is that these concepts do not apply to new data and negatively impact the models ability to generalize.

Source: Machine Learning Mastery

Making Predictions using Image Classifier (TensorFlow)

Tue, 10 Dec 2019 11:10:00 +0530

Making Predictions using Image Classifier (TensorFlow)

This was tested on TF 2.x and works as of 2019-12-10

If you want to understand how to make your own custom image classifier, please refer to my previous post.

If you followed my last post, then you created a model which took an image of dimensions 50x50 as an input.

First we import the following if we have not imported these before

import cv2
 import os
-
-
-

Then we read the file using OpenCV.

image=cv2.imread(imagePath)
-
-
-

The cv2. imread() function returns a NumPy array representing the image. Therefore, we need to convert it before we can use it.

image_from_array = Image.fromarray(image, 'RGB')
-
-
-

Then we resize the image

size_image = image_from_array.resize((50,50))
-
-
-

After this we create a batch consisting of only one image

p = np.expand_dims(size_image, 0)
-
-
-

We then convert this uint8 datatype to a float32 datatype

img = tf.cast(p, tf.float32)
-
-
-

Finally we make the prediction

print(['Infected','Uninfected'][np.argmax(model.predict(img))])
-
-
-

Infected

Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Tensorflow 2.x and Keras for Detecting Malaria

Sun, 8 Dec 2019 14:16:00 +0530

Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Tensorflow 2.x and Keras for Detecting Malaria

Done during Google Code-In. Org: Tensorflow.

Imports

%tensorflow_version 2.x #This is for telling Colab that you want to use TF 2.0, ignore if running on local machine
+

Then we read the file using OpenCV.

image=cv2.imread(imagePath)
+

The cv2. imread() function returns a NumPy array representing the image. Therefore, we need to convert it before we can use it.

image_from_array = Image.fromarray(image, 'RGB')
+

Then we resize the image

size_image = image_from_array.resize((50,50))
+

After this we create a batch consisting of only one image

p = np.expand_dims(size_image, 0)
+

We then convert this uint8 datatype to a float32 datatype

img = tf.cast(p, tf.float32)
+

Finally we make the prediction

print(['Infected','Uninfected'][np.argmax(model.predict(img))])
+

Infected

Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Tensorflow 2.x and Keras for Detecting Malaria

Sun, 8 Dec 2019 14:16:00 +0530

Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Tensorflow 2.x and Keras for Detecting Malaria

Done during Google Code-In. Org: Tensorflow.

Imports

%tensorflow_version 2.x #This is for telling Colab that you want to use TF 2.0, ignore if running on local machine
 
 from PIL import Image # We use the PIL Library to resize images
-import numpy as np
+import numpy as np
 import os
 import cv2
-import tensorflow as tf
+import tensorflow as tf
 from tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, models
-import pandas as pd
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import pandas as pd
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 from keras.models import Sequential
 from keras.layers import Conv2D,MaxPooling2D,Dense,Flatten,Dropout
-
-
-

Dataset

Fetching the Data

!wget ftp://lhcftp.nlm.nih.gov/Open-Access-Datasets/Malaria/cell_images.zip
+

Dataset

Fetching the Data

!wget ftp://lhcftp.nlm.nih.gov/Open-Access-Datasets/Malaria/cell_images.zip
 !unzip cell_images.zip
-
-
-

Processing the Data

We resize all the images as 50x50 and add the numpy array of that image as well as their label names (Infected or Not) to common arrays.

data = []
+

Processing the Data

We resize all the images as 50x50 and add the numpy array of that image as well as their label names (Infected or Not) to common arrays.

data = []
 labels = []
 
 Parasitized = os.listdir("./cell_images/Parasitized/")
@@ -865,7 +753,7 @@
         data.append(np.array(size_image))
         labels.append(0)
     except AttributeError:
-        print("")
+        print("")
 
 Uninfected = os.listdir("./cell_images/Uninfected/")
 for uninfect in Uninfected:
@@ -876,23 +764,17 @@
         data.append(np.array(size_image))
         labels.append(1)
     except AttributeError:
-        print("")
-
-
-

Splitting Data

df = np.array(data)
+        print("")
+

Splitting Data

df = np.array(data)
 labels = np.array(labels)
 (X_train, X_test) = df[(int)(0.1*len(df)):],df[:(int)(0.1*len(df))]
 (y_train, y_test) = labels[(int)(0.1*len(labels)):],labels[:(int)(0.1*len(labels))]
-
-
-

s=np.arange(X_train.shape[0])
-np.random.shuffle(s)
-X_train=X_train[s]
-y_train=y_train[s]
-X_train = X_train/255.0
-
-
-

Model

Creating Model

By creating a sequential model, we create a linear stack of layers.

Note: The input shape for the first layer is 50,50 which corresponds with the sizes of the resized images

model = models.Sequential()
+

s=np.arange(X_train.shape[0])
+np.random.shuffle(s)
+X_train=X_train[s]
+y_train=y_train[s]
+X_train = X_train/255.0
+

Model

Creating Model

By creating a sequential model, we create a linear stack of layers.

Note: The input shape for the first layer is 50,50 which corresponds with the sizes of the resized images

model = models.Sequential()
 model.add(layers.Conv2D(filters=16, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(50,50,3)))
 model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
 model.add(layers.Conv2D(filters=32,kernel_size=2,padding='same',activation='relu'))
@@ -905,17 +787,11 @@
 model.add(layers.Dropout(0.2))
 model.add(layers.Dense(2,activation="softmax"))#2 represent output layer neurons 
 model.summary()
-
-
-

Compiling Model

We use the adam optimiser as it is an adaptive learning rate optimization algorithm that's been designed specifically for training deep neural networks, which means it changes its learning rate automaticaly to get the best results

model.compile(optimizer="adam",
+

Compiling Model

model.compile(optimizer="adam",
               loss="sparse_categorical_crossentropy", 
              metrics=["accuracy"])
-
-
-

Training Model

We train the model for 10 epochs on the training data and then validate it using the testing data

history = model.fit(X_train,y_train, epochs=10, validation_data=(X_test,y_test))
-
-
-

Train on 24803 samples, validate on 2755 samples
+

Training Model

We train the model for 10 epochs on the training data and then validate it using the testing data

history = model.fit(X_train,y_train, epochs=10, validation_data=(X_test,y_test))
+

Train on 24803 samples, validate on 2755 samples
 Epoch 1/10
 24803/24803 [==============================] - 57s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0786 - accuracy: 0.9729 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
 Epoch 2/10
@@ -936,55 +812,37 @@
 24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0352 - accuracy: 0.9878 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
 Epoch 10/10
 24803/24803 [==============================] - 58s 2ms/sample - loss: 0.0373 - accuracy: 0.9865 - val_loss: 0.0000e+00 - val_accuracy: 1.0000
-
-
-

Results

accuracy = history.history['accuracy'][-1]*100
+

Results

accuracy = history.history['accuracy'][-1]*100
 loss = history.history['loss'][-1]*100
 val_accuracy = history.history['val_accuracy'][-1]*100
 val_loss = history.history['val_loss'][-1]*100
 
-print(
+print(
     'Accuracy:', accuracy,
     '\nLoss:', loss,
     '\nValidation Accuracy:', val_accuracy,
     '\nValidation Loss:', val_loss
 )
-
-
-

Accuracy: 98.64532351493835 
+

Accuracy: 98.64532351493835 
 Loss: 3.732407123270176 
 Validation Accuracy: 100.0 
 Validation Loss: 0.0
-
-
-

We have achieved 98% Accuracy!

Link to Colab Notebook

Splitting ZIPs into Multiple Parts

Sun, 8 Dec 2019 13:27:00 +0530

Splitting ZIPs into Multiple Parts

Tested on macOS

Creating the archive:

zip -r -s 5 oodlesofnoodles.zip website/
-
-
-

5 stands for each split files' size (in mb, kb and gb can also be specified)

For encrypting the zip:

zip -er -s 5 oodlesofnoodles.zip website
-
-
-

Extracting Files

First we need to collect all parts, then

zip -F oodlesofnoodles.zip --out merged.zip
-
-
-

Image Classifier With Teachable Machines

Wed, 4 Dec 2019 18:23:00 +0530

Image Classifier With Teachable Machines

Made for Google Code-In

Task Description

Using Glitch and the Teachable Machines, build a Book Detector with Tensorflow.js. When a book is recognized, the code would randomly suggest a book/tell a famous quote from a book. Here is an example Project to get you started: https://glitch.com/~voltaic-acorn

Details

Collecting Data

Teachable Machine allows you to create your dataset just by using your webcam! I created a database consisting of three classes ( Three Books ) and approximately grabbed 100 pictures for each book/class

Training

Training on teachable machines is as simple as clicking the train button. I did not even have to modify any configurations.

Finding Labels

Because I originally entered the entire name of the book and it's author's name as the label, the class name got truncated (Note to self, use shorter class names :p ). I then modified the code to print the modified label names in an alert box.

Adding a suggestions function

I first added a text field on the main page and then modified the JavaScript file to suggest a similar book whenever the model predicted with an accuracy >= 98%

Running!

Here it is running!

Remix this project:-

https://luminous-opinion.glitch.me

Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response

Tue, 14 May 2019 02:42:00 +0530

Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response

Based on the project showcased at Toyota Hackathon, IITD - 17/18th December 2018

Edit: It seems like I haven't mentioned Adrian Rosebrock of PyImageSearch anywhere. I apologize for this mistake.

Download paper here

Recommended citation:

ATP

Chauhan, N. (2019). &quot;Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response.&quot; <i>International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 6(5)i>.
-
-
-

BibTeX

@article{chauhan_2019, title={Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response}, volume={6}, url={https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i5/IRJET-V6I5318.pdf}, number={5}, journal={International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)}, author={Chauhan, Navan}, year={2019}}
-
-
-

Creating your own custom theme for Snowboard or Anemone

Sun, 5 May 2019 12:34:00 +0530

Creating your own custom theme for Snowboard or Anemone

Getting Started
Theme Configuration
Creating Icons
Exporting Icons
Icon Masks
Packaging
Building the DEB

Getting Started

Note: Without the proper folder structure, your theme may not show up!

Create a new folder called themeName.theme (Replace themeName with your desired theme name)
Within themeName.theme folder, create another folder called IconBundles (You cannot change this name)

Theme Configuration

Now, inside the themeName.theme folder, create a file called Info.plist and paste the following

xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
-  <plist version="1.0">
-  <dict>
-    <key>PackageNamekey>
-    <string>ThemeNamestring>
-    <key>ThemeTypekey>
-    <string>Iconsstring>
-  dict>
-plist>
-
-
-

Replace PackageName with the name of the Pacakge and replace ThemeName with the Theme Name

Now, you might ask what is the difference between PackageName and ThemeName?

Well, if for example you want to publish two variants of your icons, one dark and one white but you do not want the user to seperately install them. Then, you would name the package MyTheme and include two themes Blackie and White thus creating two entries. More about this in the end

Creating Icons

Open up the Image Editor of your choice and create a new file having a resolution of 512x512

Note: Due to IconBundles, we just need to create the icons in one size and they get resized automaticaly :ghost:

Want to create rounded icons? Create them squared only, we will learn how to apply masks!

Exporting Icons

Note: All icons must be saved as *.png (Tip: This means you can even create partially transparent icons!)

All Icons must be saved in themeName.theme>IconBundles as bundleID-large.png

Finding BundleIDs

Stock Application BundleIDs

| Name | BundleID | |-------------|----------------------| | App Store | com.apple.AppStore | | Apple Watch | com.apple.Bridge | | Calculator | com.apple.calculator | | Calendar | com.apple.mobilecal | | Camera | com.apple.camera | | Classroom | com.apple.classroom | | Clock | com.apple.mobiletimer | | Compass | com.apple.compass | | FaceTime | com.apple.facetime | | Files | com.apple.DocumentsApp | | Game Center | com.apple.gamecenter | | Health | com.apple.Health | | Home | com.apple.Home | | iBooks | com.apple.iBooks | | iTunes Store | com.apple.MobileStore | | Mail | com.apple.mobilemail | | Maps | com.apple.Maps | | Measure | com.apple.measure | | Messages | com.apple.MobileSMS | | Music | com.apple.Music | | News | com.apple.news | | Notes | com.apple.mobilenotes | | Phone | com.apple.mobilephone | | Photo Booth | com.apple.Photo-Booth | | Photos | com.apple.mobileslideshow | | Playgrounds | come.apple.Playgrounds | | Podcasts | com.apple.podcasts | | Reminders | com.apple.reminders | | Safari | com.apple.mobilesafari | | Settings | com.apple.Preferences | | Stocks | com.apple.stocks | | Tips | com.apple.tips | | TV | com.apple.tv | | Videos | com.apple.videos | | Voice Memos | com.apple.VoiceMemos | | Wallet | com.apple.Passbook | | Weather | com.apple.weather |

3rd Party Applications BundleID Click here

Icon Masks

Getting the Classic Rounded Rectangle Masks

In your Info.plist file add the following value between and +

We have achieved 98% Accuracy!

Link to Colab Notebook

Splitting ZIPs into Multiple Parts

Sun, 8 Dec 2019 13:27:00 +0530

Splitting ZIPs into Multiple Parts

Tested on macOS

Creating the archive:

zip -r -s 5 oodlesofnoodles.zip website/
+

5 stands for each split files' size (in mb, kb and gb can also be specified)

For encrypting the zip:

zip -er -s 5 oodlesofnoodles.zip website
+

Extracting Files

First we need to collect all parts, then

zip -F oodlesofnoodles.zip --out merged.zip
+

Image Classifier With Teachable Machines

Wed, 4 Dec 2019 18:23:00 +0530

Image Classifier With Teachable Machines

Made for Google Code-In

Task Description

Details

Collecting Data

Training

Training on teachable machines is as simple as clicking the train button. I did not even have to modify any configurations.

Finding Labels

Adding a suggestions function

I first added a text field on the main page and then modified the JavaScript file to suggest a similar book whenever the model predicted with an accuracy >= 98%

Running!

Here it is running!

Remix this project:-

https://luminous-opinion.glitch.me

Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response

Tue, 14 May 2019 02:42:00 +0530

Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response

Based on the project showcased at Toyota Hackathon, IITD - 17/18th December 2018

Edit: It seems like I haven't mentioned Adrian Rosebrock of PyImageSearch anywhere. I apologize for this mistake.

Download paper here

Recommended citation:

ATP

Chauhan, N. (2019). &quot;Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response.&quot; International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 6(5).
+

BibTeX

@article{chauhan_2019, title={Detecting Driver Fatigue, Over-Speeding, and Speeding up Post-Accident Response}, volume={6}, url={https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i5/IRJET-V6I5318.pdf}, number={5}, journal={International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)}, author={Chauhan, Navan}, year={2019}}
+