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<h1 id="creating-a-custom-image-classifier-using-tensorflow-2x-and-keras-for-detecting-malaria">Creating a Custom Image Classifier using Tensorflow 2.x and Keras for Detecting Malaria</h1>
<p><strong>Done during Google Code-In. Org: Tensorflow.</strong></p>
<h2 id="imports">Imports</h2>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">tensorflow_version</span> <span class="mf">2.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="c1">#This is for telling Colab that you want to use TF 2.0, ignore if running on local machine</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">PIL</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Image</span> <span class="c1"># We use the PIL Library to resize images</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cv2</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tensorflow</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tf</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tensorflow.keras</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datasets</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">layers</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">models</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pandas</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">pd</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">keras.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Sequential</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">keras.layers</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">MaxPooling2D</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Flatten</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Dropout</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h2 id="dataset">Dataset</h2>
<h3 id="fetching-the-data">Fetching the Data</h3>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="err">!</span><span class="n">wget</span> <span class="n">ftp</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">lhcftp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nlm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nih</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gov</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Open</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Access</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Datasets</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Malaria</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cell_images</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zip</span>
<span class="err">!</span><span class="n">unzip</span> <span class="n">cell_images</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zip</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="processing-the-data">Processing the Data</h3>
<p>We resize all the images as 50x50 and add the numpy array of that image as well as their label names (Infected or Not) to common arrays.</p>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">labels</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">Parasitized</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./cell_images/Parasitized/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">parasite</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Parasitized</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">image</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">cv2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./cell_images/Parasitized/"</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">parasite</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">image_from_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'RGB'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">size_image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image_from_array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size_image</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">labels</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Uninfected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./cell_images/Uninfected/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">uninfect</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">Uninfected</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">image</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">cv2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./cell_images/Uninfected/"</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">uninfect</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">image_from_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'RGB'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">size_image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image_from_array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size_image</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">labels</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="splitting-data">Splitting Data</h3>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">labels</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">X_test</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">)):],</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[:(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">))]</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y_train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_test</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">)):],</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">[:(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">))]</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<pre><code>s=np.arange(X_train.shape[0])
np.random.shuffle(s)
X_train=X_train[s]
y_train=y_train[s]
X_train = X_train/255.0
</code></pre>
<h2 id="model">Model</h2>
<h3 id="creating-model">Creating Model</h3>
<p>By creating a sequential model, we create a linear stack of layers.</p>
<p><em>Note: The input shape for the first layer is 50,50 which corresponds with the sizes of the resized images</em></p>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Sequential</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'same'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'relu'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input_shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MaxPooling2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pool_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">padding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'same'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'relu'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MaxPooling2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pool_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">padding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"same"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"relu"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MaxPooling2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pool_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dropout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Flatten</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"relu"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dropout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"softmax"</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="c1">#2 represent output layer neurons </span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">summary</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="compiling-model">Compiling Model</h3>
<p>We use the Adam optimiser as it is an adaptive learning rate optimisation algorithm that's been designed specifically for <em>training</em> deep neural networks, which means it changes its learning rate automatically to get the best results</p>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"adam"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">loss</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"sparse_categorical_crossentropy"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">metrics</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"accuracy"</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="training-model">Training Model</h3>
<p>We train the model for 10 epochs on the training data and then validate it using the testing data</p>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">history</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_train</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y_train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">epochs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">validation_data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_test</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y_test</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">Train</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="n">samples</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">validate</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="mi">2755</span> <span class="n">samples</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">57</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0786</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9729</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0746</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9731</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0290</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9996</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0672</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9764</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0601</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9789</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0558</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9804</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">57</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0513</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9819</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0452</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9849</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.3190</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9985</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0404</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9858</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0352</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9878</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span>
<span class="n">Epoch</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="mi">24803</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">24803</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">==============================</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">58</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="n">ms</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0373</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.9865</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0000e+00</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0000</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="results">Results</h3>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">accuracy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">history</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'accuracy'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">100</span>
<span class="n">loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">history</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'loss'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">100</span>
<span class="n">val_accuracy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">history</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'val_accuracy'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">100</span>
<span class="n">val_loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">history</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'val_loss'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">100</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="s1">'Accuracy:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">Loss:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">Validation Accuracy:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val_accuracy</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">Validation Loss:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val_loss</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">Accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">98.64532351493835</span>
<span class="n">Loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">3.732407123270176</span>
<span class="n">Validation</span> <span class="n">Accuracy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">100.0</span>
<span class="n">Validation</span> <span class="n">Loss</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.0</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>We have achieved 98% Accuracy!</p>
<p><a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1ZswDsxLwYZEnev89MzlL5Lwt6ut7iwp-" title="Colab Notebook">Link to Colab Notebook</a></p>
<blockquote>If you have scrolled this far, consider subscribing to my mailing list <a href="https://listmonk.navan.dev/subscription/form">here.</a> You can subscribe to either a specific type of post you are interested in, or subscribe to everything with the "Everything" list.</blockquote>
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