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<h1>Bomb Lab</h1>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>Lab 2 for CSCI 2400 - Computer Systems. </p>
<h2>Phase 1</h2>
<pre><code>jovyan@jupyter-nach6988:~/lab2-bomblab-navanchauhan/bombbomb$ gdb -ex 'break phase_1' -ex 'break explode_bomb' -ex 'run' ./bomb
GNU gdb (Ubuntu 12.1-0ubuntu1~22.04) 12.1
Copyright (C) 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux-gnu".
Type "show configuration" for configuration details.
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.
Find the GDB manual and other documentation resources online at:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/>.
For help, type "help".
Type "apropos word" to search for commands related to "word"...
Reading symbols from ./bomb...
Breakpoint 1 at 0x15c7
Breakpoint 2 at 0x1d4a
Starting program: /home/jovyan/lab2-bomblab-navanchauhan/bombbomb/bomb
[Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled]
Using host libthread_db library "/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libthread_db.so.1".
Welcome to my fiendish little bomb. You have 6 phases with
which to blow yourself up. Have a nice day!
test string
Breakpoint 1, 0x00005555555555c7 in phase_1 ()
(gdb) dias phase_1
Undefined command: "dias". Try "help".
(gdb) disas phase_1
Dump of assembler code for function phase_1:
=> 0x00005555555555c7 <+0>: endbr64
0x00005555555555cb <+4>: sub $0x8,%rsp
0x00005555555555cf <+8>: lea 0x1b7a(%rip),%rsi # 0x555555557150
0x00005555555555d6 <+15>: call 0x555555555b31 <strings_not_equal>
0x00005555555555db <+20>: test %eax,%eax
0x00005555555555dd <+22>: jne 0x5555555555e4 <phase_1+29>
0x00005555555555df <+24>: add $0x8,%rsp
0x00005555555555e3 <+28>: ret
0x00005555555555e4 <+29>: call 0x555555555d4a <explode_bomb>
0x00005555555555e9 <+34>: jmp 0x5555555555df <phase_1+24>
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) print 0x555555557150
$1 = 93824992244048
(gdb) x/1s 0x555555557150
0x555555557150: "Controlling complexity is the essence of computer programming."
(gdb)
</code></pre>
<h2>Phase 2</h2>
<pre><code>Phase 1 defused. How about the next one?
1 2 3 4 5 6
Breakpoint 1, 0x00005555555555eb in phase_2 ()
(gdb) disas
Dump of assembler code for function phase_2:
=> 0x00005555555555eb <+0>: endbr64
0x00005555555555ef <+4>: push %rbp
0x00005555555555f0 <+5>: push %rbx
0x00005555555555f1 <+6>: sub $0x28,%rsp
0x00005555555555f5 <+10>: mov %rsp,%rsi
0x00005555555555f8 <+13>: call 0x555555555d97 <read_six_numbers>
0x00005555555555fd <+18>: cmpl $0x0,(%rsp)
0x0000555555555601 <+22>: js 0x55555555560d <phase_2+34>
0x0000555555555603 <+24>: mov %rsp,%rbp
0x0000555555555606 <+27>: mov $0x1,%ebx
0x000055555555560b <+32>: jmp 0x555555555620 <phase_2+53>
0x000055555555560d <+34>: call 0x555555555d4a <explode_bomb>
0x0000555555555612 <+39>: jmp 0x555555555603 <phase_2+24>
0x0000555555555614 <+41>: add $0x1,%ebx
0x0000555555555617 <+44>: add $0x4,%rbp
0x000055555555561b <+48>: cmp $0x6,%ebx
0x000055555555561e <+51>: je 0x555555555631 <phase_2+70>
0x0000555555555620 <+53>: mov %ebx,%eax
0x0000555555555622 <+55>: add 0x0(%rbp),%eax
0x0000555555555625 <+58>: cmp %eax,0x4(%rbp)
0x0000555555555628 <+61>: je 0x555555555614 <phase_2+41>
0x000055555555562a <+63>: call 0x555555555d4a <explode_bomb>
0x000055555555562f <+68>: jmp 0x555555555614 <phase_2+41>
0x0000555555555631 <+70>: add $0x28,%rsp
0x0000555555555635 <+74>: pop %rbx
0x0000555555555636 <+75>: pop %rbp
0x0000555555555637 <+76>: ret
End of assembler dump.
(gdb)
</code></pre>
<pre><code> 0x00005555555555fd <+18>: cmpl $0x0,(%rsp)
0x0000555555555601 <+22>: js 0x55555555560d <phase_2+34>
...
0x000055555555560d <+34>: call 0x555555555d4a <explode_bomb>
</code></pre>
<p>The program first compares if the first number is not 0. If the number is not 0, then the <code>cmpl</code> instruction returns a negative value. The <code>js</code> instruction stands for jump if sign -> causing a jump to the specified address if the sign bit is set. This would result in the explode_bomb function being called.</p>
<pre><code> 0x0000555555555603 <+24>: mov %rsp,%rbp
0x0000555555555606 <+27>: mov $0x1,%ebx
</code></pre>
<p><code>%rsp</code> in x86-64 asm, is the stack pointer i.e. it points to the top of the current stack frame. Since the program just read six numbers, the top of the stack (<code>%rsp</code>) contains the address of the first number.</p>
<p>By executing <code>mov %rsp,%rbp</code> we are setting the base pointer (<code>%rbp</code>) to point to this address.</p>
<p>Now, for the second instruction <code>mov $0x1,%ebx</code>, we are initalising the <code>%ebx</code> register with the value 1. Based on the assembly code, you can see that this is being used as a counter/index for the loop.</p>
<pre><code> 0x000055555555560b <+32>: jmp 0x555555555620 <phase_2+53>
</code></pre>
<p>The program now jumps to <phase_2+53></p>
<pre><code> 0x0000555555555620 <+53>: mov %ebx,%eax
0x0000555555555622 <+55>: add 0x0(%rbp),%eax
0x0000555555555625 <+58>: cmp %eax,0x4(%rbp)
0x0000555555555628 <+61>: je 0x555555555614 <phase_2+41>
</code></pre>
<p>Here, the value from <code>%ebx</code> is copied to the <code>%eax</code> register. For this iteration, the value should be 1.</p>
<p>Then, the value at the memory location pointed by <code>%rbp</code> is added to the value in <code>%eax</code>. For now, 0 is added (the first number that we read).</p>
<p><code>cmp %eax,0x4(%rbp)</code> - The instruction compares the value in %eax to the value at the memory address <code>%rbp + 4</code>. Since Integers in this context are stored using a word of memory of 4 bytes, this indicates it checks against the second number in the sequence.</p>
<p><code>je 0x555555555614 <phase_2+41></code> - The program will jump to <code>phase_2+41</code> if the previous <code>cmp</code> instruction determined the values as equal. </p>
<pre><code> 0x0000555555555614 <+41>: add $0x1,%ebx
0x0000555555555617 <+44>: add $0x4,%rbp
0x000055555555561b <+48>: cmp $0x6,%ebx
0x000055555555561e <+51>: je 0x555555555631 <phase_2+70>
0x0000555555555620 <+53>: mov %ebx,%eax
0x0000555555555622 <+55>: add 0x0(%rbp),%eax
0x0000555555555625 <+58>: cmp %eax,0x4(%rbp)
0x0000555555555628 <+61>: je 0x555555555614 <phase_2+41>
</code></pre>
<p>Here, we can see that the program increments <code>%ebx</code> by 1, adds a 4 byte offset to <code>%rbp</code> (the number we will be matching now), and checks if <code>%ebx</code> is equal to 6. If it is, it breaks the loop and jumps to <code><phase_2+70></code> succesfully finishing this stage.</p>
<p>Now, given that we know the first two numbers in the sequence are <code>0 1</code>, we can calculate the other numbers by following the pattern of adding the counter and the value of the previous number.</p>
<p>Thus,</p>
<ul>
<li>3rd number = 1 (previous value) + 2 = 3</li>
<li>4th number = 3 (prev value) + 3 = 6</li>
<li>5th number = 6 (prev value) + 4 = 10</li>
<li>6th number = 10 (prev value) + 5 = 15</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>...
Phase 1 defused. How about the next one?
0 1 3 6 10 15
Breakpoint 1, 0x00005555555555eb in phase_2 ()
(gdb) continue
Continuing.
That's number 2. Keep going!
</code></pre>
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