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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"/><meta name="og:site_name" content="Navan Chauhan"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-22-Fake-News-Detector"/><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-22-Fake-News-Detector"/><meta name="og:url" content="https://navanchauhan.github.io/posts/2019-12-22-Fake-News-Detector"/><title>Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate | Navan Chauhan</title><meta name="twitter:title" content="Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate | Navan Chauhan"/><meta name="og:title" content="Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate | Navan Chauhan"/><meta name="description" content="In this tutorial we will build a fake news detecting app from scratch, using Turicreate for the machine learning model and SwiftUI for building the app"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="In this tutorial we will build a fake news detecting app from scratch, using Turicreate for the machine learning model and SwiftUI for building the app"/><meta name="og:description" content="In this tutorial we will build a fake news detecting app from scratch, using Turicreate for the machine learning model and SwiftUI for building the app"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/styles.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/favicon.png" type="image/png"/><link rel="alternate" href="/feed.rss" type="application/rss+xml" title="Subscribe to Navan Chauhan"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://navanchauhan.github.io/images/logo.png"/><meta name="og:image" content="https://navanchauhan.github.io/images/logo.png"/></head><head><script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-108635191-1v"></script><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}gtag('js', new Date());gtag('config', 'UA-108635191-1');</script></head><body class="item-page"><header><div class="wrapper"><a class="site-name" href="/">Navan Chauhan</a><nav><ul><li><a href="/about">About Me</a></li><li><a class="selected" href="/posts">Posts</a></li><li><a href="/publications">Publications</a></li><li><a href="/assets/résumé.pdf">Résumé</a></li><li><a href="https://navanchauhan.github.io/repo">Repo</a></li></ul></nav></div></header><div class="wrapper"><article><div class="content"><span class="reading-time">6 minute read</span><span class="reading-time">Created on December 22, 2019</span><span class="reading-time">Last modified on January 18, 2020</span><h1>Building a Fake News Detector with Turicreate</h1><p><strong>In this tutorial we will build a fake news detecting app from scratch, using Turicreate for the machine learning model and SwiftUI for building the app</strong></p><p>Note: These commands are written as if you are running a jupyter notebook.</p><h2>Building the Machine Learning Model</h2><h3>Data Gathering</h3><p>To build a classifier, you need a lot of data. George McIntire (GH: @joolsa) has created a wonderful dataset containing the headline, body and wheter it is fake or real. Whenever you are looking for a dataset, always try searching on Kaggle and GitHub before you start building your own</p><h3>Dependencies</h3><p>I used a Google Colab instance for training my model. If you also plan on using Google Colab then I reccomend choosing a GPU Instance (It is Free) This allows you to train the model on the GPU. Turicreat is built on top of Apache's MXNet Framework, for us to use GPU we need to install a CUDA compatible MXNet package.</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">!pip</span><span class="na"> install turicreate</span>
<span class="na">!pip uninstall -y mxnet</span>
<span class="na">!pip install mxnet-cu100==1.4.0.post0</span>
</div>
</code></pre><p>If you do not wish to train on GPU or are running it on your computer, you can ignore the last two lines</p><h3>Downloading the Dataset</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="nt">!wget</span><span class="na"> -q "https</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">//github.com/joolsa/fake_real_news_dataset/raw/master/fake_or_real_news.csv.zip"</span>
<span class="nt">!unzip</span><span class="na"> fake_or_real_news.csv.zip</span>
</div>
</code></pre><h3>Model Creation</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">turicreate</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">tc</span>
<span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_num_gpus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># If you do not wish to use GPUs, set it to 0</span>
</div>
</code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">dataSFrame</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'fake_or_real_news.csv'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</div>
</code></pre><p>The dataset contains a column named "X1", which is of no use to us. Therefore, we simply drop it</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">dataSFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove_column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'X1'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</div>
</code></pre><h4>Splitting Dataset</h4><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dataSFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random_split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
</div>
</code></pre><h4>Training</h4><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text_classifier</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">dataset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'label'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">features</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'text'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</div>
</code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="o">+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Iteration</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Passes</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Step</span> <span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Elapsed</span> <span class="n">Time</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Training</span> <span class="n">Accuracy</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Validation</span> <span class="n">Accuracy</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.156349</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.889680</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.790036</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">4</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.359196</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.985952</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.918149</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">6</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.820091</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.557205</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.990260</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.914591</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">7</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.684872</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.998689</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.925267</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">4</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">8</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.814194</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.999063</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.925267</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">9</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">14</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">2.507072</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">1.000000</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.911032</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+-----------+----------+-----------+--------------+-------------------+---------------------+</span>
</div>
</code></pre><h3>Testing the Model</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">est_predictions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">predict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">accuracy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">evaluation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'label'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">test_predictions</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s1">'Topic classifier model has a testing accuracy of {accuracy*100}% '</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flush</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</div>
</code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">Topic</span> <span class="n">classifier</span> <span class="n">model</span> <span class="n">has</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">testing</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="mf">92.3076923076923</span><span class="o">%</span>
</div>
</code></pre><p>We have just created our own Fake News Detection Model which has an accuracy of 92%!</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">example_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"title"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Middling ‘Rise Of Skywalker’ Review Leaves Fan On Fence About Whether To Threaten To Kill Critic"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s2">"text"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Expressing ambivalence toward the relatively balanced appraisal of the film, Star Wars fan Miles Ariely admitted Thursday that an online publication’s middling review of The Rise Of Skywalker had left him on the fence about whether he would still threaten to kill the critic who wrote it. “I’m really of two minds about this, because on the one hand, he said the new movie fails to live up to the original trilogy, which makes me at least want to throw a brick through his window with a note telling him to watch his back,” said Ariely, confirming he had already drafted an eight-page-long death threat to Stan Corimer of the website Screen-On Time, but had not yet decided whether to post it to the reviewer’s Facebook page. “On the other hand, though, he commended J.J. Abrams’ skillful pacing and faithfulness to George Lucas’ vision, which makes me wonder if I should just call the whole thing off. Now, I really don’t feel like camping outside his house for hours. Maybe I could go with a response that’s somewhere in between, like, threatening to kill his dog but not everyone in his whole family? I don’t know. This is a tough one.” At press time, sources reported that Ariely had resolved to wear his Ewok costume while he murdered the critic in his sleep."</span><span class="p">]}</span>
<span class="n">example_prediction</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">classify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">example_text</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">example_prediction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flush</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</div>
</code></pre><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="o">+-------+--------------------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="err">| </span><span class="nc">probability</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+-------+--------------------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">FAKE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0.9245648658345308</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+-------+--------------------+</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">rows</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">]</span>
</div>
</code></pre><h3>Exporting the Model</h3><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">model_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'FakeNews'</span>
<span class="n">coreml_model_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model_name</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'.mlmodel'</span>
<span class="n">exportedModel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">export_coreml</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coreml_model_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
</div>
</code></pre><p><strong>Note: To download files from Google Volab, simply click on the files section in the sidebar, right click on filename and then click on downlaod</strong></p><p><a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1onMXGkhA__X2aOFdsoVL-6HQBsWQhOP4">Link to Colab Notebook</a></p><h2>Building the App using SwiftUI</h2><h3>Initial Setup</h3><p>First we create a single view app (make sure you check the use SwiftUI button)</p><p>Then we copy our .mlmodel file to our project (Just drag and drop the file in the XCode Files Sidebar)</p><p>Our ML Model does not take a string directly as an input, rather it takes bag of words as an input. DescriptionThe bag-of-words model is a simplifying representation used in NLP, in this text is represented as a bag of words, without any regatd of grammar or order, but noting multiplicity</p><p>We define our bag of words function</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">bow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-></span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Double</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">bagOfWords</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Double</span><span class="p">]()</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">tagger</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="bp">NSLinguisticTagger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tagSchemes</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[.</span><span class="n">tokenType</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">range</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">NSRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">length</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">utf16</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">count</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">NSLinguisticTagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Options</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[.</span><span class="n">omitPunctuation</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">omitWhitespace</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">tagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">text</span>
<span class="n">tagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">enumerateTags</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">range</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">unit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scheme</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">tokenType</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="kc">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tokenRange</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">_</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">word</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="bp">NSString</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">tokenRange</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">nil</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">!</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">bagOfWords</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</div>
</code></pre><p>We also declare our variables</p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span>
<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">headline</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span>
<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">alertTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span>
<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">alertText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span>
<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">showingAlert</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="kc">false</span>
</div>
</code></pre><p>Finally, we implement a simple function which reads the two text fields, creates their bag of words representation and displays an alert with the appropriate result</p><p><strong>Complete Code</strong></p><pre><code><div class="highlight"><span></span><span class="kd">import</span> <span class="nc">SwiftUI</span>
<span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="nc">ContentView</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">View</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span>
<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">headline</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span>
<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">alertTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span>
<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">alertText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">""</span>
<span class="p">@</span><span class="n">State</span> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">showingAlert</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="kc">false</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">body</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">some</span> <span class="n">View</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">NavigationView</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">VStack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alignment</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">leading</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Headline"</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">font</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">headline</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Please Enter Headline"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="err">$</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lineLimit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Body"</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">font</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">headline</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">TextField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Please Enter the content"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="err">$</span><span class="n">headline</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lineLimit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">navigationBarTitle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Fake News Checker"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">navigationBarItems</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">trailing</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">action</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">classifyFakeNews</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Check"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">padding</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">alert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isPresented</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="err">$</span><span class="n">showingAlert</span><span class="p">){</span>
<span class="n">Alert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alertTitle</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alertText</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">dismissButton</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"OK"</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">classifyFakeNews</span><span class="p">(){</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">model</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">FakeNews</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">myTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">myText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">headline</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">prediction</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">prediction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">myTitle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">myText</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">alertTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">prediction</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">label</span>
<span class="n">alertText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"It is likely that this piece of news is </span><span class="si">\(</span><span class="n">prediction</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lowercased</span><span class="si">())</span><span class="s">."</span>
<span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alertText</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">catch</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">alertTitle</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"Error"</span>
<span class="n">alertText</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"Sorry, could not classify if the input news was fake or not."</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">showingAlert</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="kc">true</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">bow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-></span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Double</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">bagOfWords</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Double</span><span class="p">]()</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">tagger</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="bp">NSLinguisticTagger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tagSchemes</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[.</span><span class="n">tokenType</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">range</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">NSRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">location</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">length</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">utf16</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">count</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">NSLinguisticTagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Options</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[.</span><span class="n">omitPunctuation</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">omitWhitespace</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">tagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">text</span>
<span class="n">tagger</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">enumerateTags</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">range</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">unit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scheme</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">tokenType</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="kc">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tokenRange</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">_</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">word</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="bp">NSString</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">with</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">tokenRange</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">nil</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">!</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">bagOfWords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">bagOfWords</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="nc">ContentView_Previews</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">PreviewProvider</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kd">static</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">previews</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">some</span> <span class="n">View</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">ContentView</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</div>
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